An introduction to
seventh infallible Hazrat Imam Baqir (AS)
Birth
The fifth Imam
Mohammad Baqir (A.S.) was born on the 1st of the month of Rajab, 57th
Hijrah, in the city of Madina. Because of the resemblance that he had
with his grandfather he was named Mohammad and because of it that he
analyzed the knowledge and made manifest its secrets he became known
with the title of "Baqir".
His father was Hazrat
Sajjad (A.S.) and mother Fatimah who was one of the daughters of Imam
Hassan (A.S.). He was the first Imam (A.S.) whose lineage ascended and
reached the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) both from the paternal and maternal
sides. His life history can be divided into two parts.
1. The period before
his Imamate which is nearly 35 years and was the peaceful part of his
life, led in Madina.
2. The Period of
Imamate, which stretched, up to twenty years and is counted as the
duration of the propagation and dissemination of Islamic knowledge and
wisdom.
The Salient Features of
Imam's Character
Imam Mohammad Baqir
always put on new and clean dress. He perfumed himself and walked very
comfortably, slowly and steadily. One day, some narrow minded ones
criticized him saying your grandfather Ali (A.S.) used old and cheap
clothes so why do you put on clean and new ones?
He replied, since in
those days all the people were poor Ali (A.S.) ought to have used old
clothes and simple food. But today the people are leading their lives in
comfort and luxury; hence, I should not use those clothes. The act of my
grandfather in those days, was according to justice and leadership and
my action and way of life today is also in accordance to the (norms of)
Justice and leadership.
About his manners and
training, it is written that he never laughed loudly and always spoke in
a calm and respectable way. He never became furious and enraged and with
whosoever he met he would give him respect and shook hands with him and
said, "this act (shaking hands) brings the hearts close to each other
and puts an end to the enmities and hostilities."
Although Imam (A.S.)
wept much during his confidential conversation with God, but he did not
weep loudly. Whenever he spoke he would start and end his talk with the
name of God.
He had gardens and
fields in abundance and large number but he himself visited them like a
farmer and shared the work with the cultivator and workers, took food
with them, and talked to them. He was a master who had close working
relations with his servants.
Whatever agricultural
products he received from his gardens and fields he would give it in the
name of God. He fulfilled all the needs and requirements of his workers
to such extent that he was one of the most generous men of his time in
Hijaz.
Sheikh Mufid writes
about Imam (A.S.), "he had access to and acquaintance with all the
branches of knowledge and intuitive learning. He led his life busy in
the obedience of God. He was strong and balanced at the station of piety
and rigidly honored his word, promises, and commitments. His piety, open
heartedness, spiritual purity, and humanly conducts made all and sundry
love him. And he trained them in Islamic ethics.
Ibn-e-Hajar, who is a
prejudiced Sunni scholar, writes about the character of Imam (A.S.)
"Imam Mohammad Baqir (A.S.) had a clean, pure heart. His speech and talk
was harmonies and in accordance with his practice. His conduct and
dealing with people was humanly and Islamic. He was a great Gnostic and
unmatched worshiper. He was so very ornamented and decorated with human
qualities that I do not have the means and capacity to praise him."
One of his slaves said
about him, "Once I accompanied his graciousness to Mecca. When Imam
(A.S.) sighted the house of God (Kaabah). He wept so much that he got
feeble and nerveless I said to him, "Why do you weep so much?"
He said, "Perhaps God
may become kind to me because of these tears and tomorrow (on justice
day) He may bless me with salvation.
Then Imam stood for
his prayers and lengthened the prostration. When he picked his head up,
the place of prostration was wet with tears from his eyes."
Mohammad bin Mankadir,
who was a silly pious looking person, says, "Because of this that Imam
(A.S.) worked too hard I said to myself he is after the material and I
must stop and admonish him. So one day I saw him exhausted and
perspiring due to ample hard work in the hot scorching weather. I went
near him, saluted him, and said, "Oh son of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.), why
are you so much after the wealth of the world? If death comes to you in
such a condition what would you do then?"
He said, "This is the
best of my times because I work in it so that I do not become needy
towards you people and others, and do not eat from the earnings of
others. If God gives me death in this condition I will be much happy
since I am busy in his prayers and obedience."
I got informed about
this point and knew that I was wrong. I apologized him, saying, "I
wanted to admonish and advise you, but you admonished and informed me."
Kulayni writes, "A
group of the friends of Imam (A.S.) stated that one day we went to his
house to offer him compliments. After salutation and enquiring after his
health we found the Imam (A.S.) very sad, pensive and afflicted. When we
asked about the reason of that sorrow. We came to know that the son of
Imam (A.S.) was very much ill. We told ourselves if this son dies what a
distress would Imam (A.S.) have to face?
We bade farewell, and
went back and on the next day returned back to enquire about the welfare
of Imam. Fortunately, we saw the Imam (A.S.) in happy mood we told
ourselves God has done a favor and cured the son and so Imam is happy.
But then we learnt that the son had passed away. We enquired about the
matter from him personally, as to why he was so troubled and pensive
before the death but after it he was happy. Imam replied to us, "my son
was ill and by virtue of human and paternal duty I was sad and uneasy
and put in endeavor and efforts to get him cured and was asking God to
get him cured. But since God deemed expedient that he dies and freed him
off the pain and calamity, I submitted to His will and thanked God. We
are agreed and contented upon His will and we love and like whatever he
loves and wishes.
The Knowledge Status of
Imam
Sheikh Tusi writes a
man from among the Syrians visited Imam Mohammad Baqir (A.S.) and said,
"Since you are a man of knowledge and learning your assembly is
fruitful, valuable and worthy for me and so I attend your teaching
session but I have enmity with you and your lineage." Imam did not reply
him.
After a few days that
man fell ill. Imam (A.S.) visited him along with his friends and sat by
his bed, and enquired after his health. When the Syrian man saw this
graciousness and magnanimity of the Imam he extremely repented about
what he had said, and was ashamed. He did not know what response to give
to the Imam (A.S.).
Imam (A.S.) gave
orders about his food, treatment to his family members and prayed for
him and got up. Not very long had passed that he got cured and left the
ailment bed. Next day, he made it a point to reach the assembly of Imam
(A.S.) and expressed repentance over what he had said and asked for
apologies and became one of the permanent and everlasting friends of
Imam (A.S.)
Jabbir faces the Imam
(A.S.)
The Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
told one of his pious friends named Jabbir bin Abdullah, "Oh Jabbir! You
will live and will see my son Mohammad Bin Ali Bin Al Hussain whose name
in Torah (The Old Testament) is Baqir, convey my compliments (Salam) to
him."
The Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
passed away and Jabbir remained alive for long times to come. One day,
he visited the house of Imam Zain-ul-Abidin (A.S.) and came across a
small child. He asked lmam Sajjad (A.S.), "Whose is this child?" He
replied, "He is my son Mohammad Baqir (A.S.) who is the Imam of the
Muslims next to myself."
Jabbir got up and
kissed the foot of Imam (A.S.) and said, "My life be sacrificed upon
you, oh the son of Prophet (P.B.U.H.) accept the compliments (Salam) of
your grandfather the Prophet of God (P.B.U.H.). He conveyed his
compliments through me."
Imam's (A.S.) eyes
were filled up with tears and he said, "compliments and benediction be
upon my grandfather the Prophet of God (P.B.U.H.) until the Sky and
Earth are stable (firm) and upon you too, Oh Jabbir, that you conveyed
his compliment to me."
The Training mode of Imam
(A.S.)
Since the knowledge
and wisdom of Imam (A.S.) like the other Imams originated from the
revelation therefore, he never failed to give a response. His
personality of knowledge and wisdom had so graciousness greatness
grandeur and magnificence that in his assembly the scholars were like
children before a teacher.
Whenever Imam (A.S.)
sat in the session of teaching he shed the drops of knowledge and wisdom
upon the hearts of his students like a saturated cloud. Every one
benefited from it according to his own capacity and capability.
In the year 106 Hijrah
Hasham (the well known poet) went to Mecca and a group of Syrians were
accompanying him. After the Hajj ritual was over, he sat in a corner of
Masjid-ul-Haram to relax. Suddenly, he sighted Imam Mohammad Baqir
(A.S.) sitting in a corner and people had surrounded him asking him
questions about their problems and difficulties and listening to his
response.
Hasham became furious
and inflamed and sent Nafey, one of the wise men, to ask questions from
Imam (A.S.) and according to his idea enfeeble and debilitate him, and
devalue him in the eyes of the people.
The court scholar came
forward, saluted and asked for his permission to make queries and
interrogate him. Imam (A.S.) replied, "Do ask what ever you wish!"
Nafeh asked him, "What
was the length of the duration of period between Christ Essa (A.S.) and
Mohammad (P.B.U.H.). Imam said, "In our opinion Five Hundred years."
Nafeh asked, "The verse of the holy Qur'an which says "va-as-al" "you
ask". Who was the one Prophet interrogated? Imam (A.S.) replied, "From
the God's eternal table, wherein all the things were present."
Nafeh asked, "From
when and how long God has been present?"
Imam (A.S.) said, "Woe
to you, God is the creator of age. He is not a body and has not been
born from anything so that he might need age and time."
Nafeh was ashamed and
said, "By God, you are the wisest man out of the people of your age."
A man asked a question
from Abdullah Ummer, he could not reply him so he said, "This child is
Imam Mohammad Baqir (A.S.) go to him and describe your problem whatever
response he gives come and let me know too. That man went near him and
enquired and got the correct answer. Then he came to Abdullah Ummer and
reproduced the answer of the Imam (A.S.) before him.
Abdullah Ummer
replied, "These (men) are a family whom God has decorated with the
ornament of knowledge and wisdom." The splendor and grandeur of the
knowledge of Imam (A.S.) was so sublime and glittering that whosesoever
there would be the talk about the Prophet's family. People said he is
the sole heir of the knowledge and perfections of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.).
Imam's (A.S.)
Conversation with a Christian Scholar
Imam Sadiq (A.S.)
said, "one day myself and my father came out of the assembly of Hasham.
We happened to pass by a place where a group of Christians had come to
ask questions from their scholar. We too went there to see what was the
affair. We saw an old man with gray hair and gray eyebrows sitting among
them. We also sat among the aggregation. The followers of Jesus Christ
were sitting before him like worthless children, and were asking him
questions. The old man's eye caught the sight of my father Imam Mohammad
Baqir (A.S.) and he said, "Are you from among us or from among the
followers of Mohammad (P.B.U.H.)."
My father answered
from among the followers of Mohammad (P.B.U.H.). He said, "Are you from
among the scholars or the ignorant"? My father said, "I am not from
among the ignorant." The old man said, "Shall I ask you question or you
will ask me." My father said, "You question me."
The aged man was
surprised. He had a look upon my father and said, "Oh servant of God,
let me know about the time which is neither day nor night."
My father replied,
"Between the dawn and the sunrise."
He asked, "From which
time is it?"
My father said, "From
the times (hours) of the Paradise and the ailing ones gain their senses
in this hour (time) and the pains become relieved and that one who had
sleepless night goes to sleep at this time.
The man said, "The
people in paradise eat and drink but do not excrete anything is there
any thing in the world similar to them?"
My father said, "Yes
the embryo which eats in the mother womb but nothing segregates from
whatever it eats."
The man said, "Let me
know if there is anything in the world similar to your claim that the
people in paradise eat and drink but nothing is lessened and shortened
and that returns to its original shape."
My father said, "Yes
it is candle that if a hundred other candles are lit by it nothing gets
lessened out of it."
The Christian scholar
got up from his place and said, "This man is wiser then me." When he
knew that he was Imam Mohammad Baqir (A.S.) he embraced Islam.
In the Assembly of Hasham
Imam Sadiq (A.S.)
said, "One of the years Hasham bin Abdul Malik traveled to perform Hajj.
On that year, I too along with my father went to perform Hajj. I, in a
congregation, said, "Praise is for the God who created Mohammad (P.B.U.H.)
for the guidance of the people and made us revered and honorable by his
existence. We are the selected ones of the God's creations and His
caliphs on earth. Fortunate is the one who follows us and unfortunate is
the one who opposes and has enmity with us." The brother of Hasham who
was present among the people and was regarded as one of his special
spies, reported what he had heard to Hasham.
Hasham did not
interrupt (molest) us in Mecca but when he reached back Syria he wrote
to his representative in Madina, to send my father and me to Syria. The
governor of Madina sent us to Syria. When we reached the assembly of
Hasham we saw that all the Commanders had gathered over there.
Hasham himself was
seated upon the throne of authority and all the Commanders were standing
before him. They had placed an aim at a distant place and all of them
were aiming and shooting (arrows) at it. When we arrived in the court,
Hasham held my father in respect, honored him then he said, "come close
and you also take part in shooting."
My father said, "I have grown old,
excuse me."
Hasham sweared and
took oath that he would not let my father go. Obliged, my father held
the bow and took aim. The arrow struck in the center of the point (aimed
at). Again, he aimed another arrow at it. The arrow struck into the
first arrow and split it into two and then struck the aim. He took a
third arrow and took aim. The arrow struck the second arrow split it
into two, and sat firm on the second place. Similarly my father
continued up till the nineth arrow.
Hasham said, "That is
all, Oh Abu Jaffar (A.S.) you are the most expert of the people who
shoot. Hasham was smoldering and burning in the fire of rage and had
repented upon his action. Thereby, he took the decision to kill my
father. And to get himself out of the condition he started saying with a
glib-tongue (eloquently) "The tribe of Qureish should boast of it over
the Arab and Ajam that they have got a person like you."
Hasham enquired, "From
where did you learn this expertise and mastery?"
My father replied,
"God has bestowed upon us completely every knowledge and perfection, as
His favor."
Hasham was greatly
enraged and inflamed with my father's words and his face glowed red with
anger. He hung his head down for a moment. Then he raised his head and
said, "Are we and you not from the lineage of Abdul Manaf?"
Was the Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
not from Abdul Manaf so that God sent him for the patronage of the
people? From where did you inherit this knowledge?"
My father said, "we
are a family of revelation and God has given us the specialties which he
has not given to others. So that the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) told secrets to
his son in law Imam Ali (A.S.), which he did not tell to the others.
Similarly Imam Ali (A.S.) said in Kufa, "The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) opened a
thousand doors of knowledge before me, so that from each of the doors a
thousand other doors are opened."
Oh Hasham, it is we
who have inherited that knowledge and wisdom no other persons.
Hasham remained silent
and ordered that we be sent back to Madina honorably.
Islamic Coins introduced
by Imam's (A.S.) Order
In the first century
Hijrah the paper industry was monopolized by the Romans and when the
Christians of Egypt learned from the Romans how to manufacture paper and
they produced it they following suit of the Romans, marked it (currency
notes) with father-son and Rooh-ul-Qudus (Holy Spirit) which was the
slogan of the Christians.
When "Abdul Malik
Marwan", who was an intelligent and clever man, saw the mark of the
paper and its meanings, he was very annoyed as to why Egypt, which was a
Muslim country, used this mark. He at once wrote to his functionary and
delegates in Egypt "From now onwards you must write upon them the slogan
of monotheism."
The new papers with
the monotheism mark upon it was circulated and reached the cities of
Rome. Caesar the King of Rome got informed about it. He wrote still
other letters to Abdul Malik warning and threatening him that if he did
not evade that mark he would issue orders to produce coins with abusive
language about the Prophet of Islam (P.B.U.H.) When those coins would be
ready there would be no honor and dignity left over for him (Abdul
Malik).
Abdul Malik thought if
this thing happened I would be the dirtiest of all the Muslim rulers who
caused such a thing to happen."
He immediately called
a meeting and consulted with the officials and dignitaries of his
country for many long hours, but to no result.
One of those present
said, "The way out of this difficulty and its solution is this that we
ask the answer to this problem and riddle from Imam Mohammad Baqir
(A.S.)."
Abdul Malik liked his
suggestion and at once ordered his governor in Madina to send Imam
(A.S.) honorably and respectfully to Syria, and he himself detained the
delegate of Caesar in Syria till such time Imam (A.S.) reached Syria to
solve that problem.
When Imam reached
Syria they reported the matter to him so that a way is sorted out for
its solution. Imam (A.S.) said, "Caesar has frightened you he will
actually not do it. God will not allow him to do this work. But the
solution of it is this that you get the industrialist gathered and
orders them to produce a coin with the chapter (Quranic chapter of
Tawhid on one face and name of the Prophet [P.B.U.H.] on the other). In
this way we will not need the Roman Coins any longer. Then he gave the
explanation about the weight and size of the coin. Then he said,
"Engrave the name of the city where the coin is made and the year of its
production upon it."
Abdul Malik
materialized the orders of the Imam (A.S.) and sent a circular to all
the Islamic cities that from, now onwards all the business affair in the
Islamic cities should take shape on the basis of the new coins, and the
Roman Coins are invalid. Whosoever possesses them may change them for
new Islamic coins. Then he informed the delegate of Caesar about what
had been done and sent him back.
Caesar was informed
about the affair. The courtiers demanded from him to materialize his
threat. Hut he replied, "This is a futile thing to do. Because, the
roman coins are no more used in the Islamic cities."
Imam by this amazing
action put a constraint and checks upon the influence of imperialism and
the plans of the imperialists of that day.
The Friends of Imam
(A.S.)
Since Imam (A.S.) was
living in an age where in the Marwani Caliphs (Bani Omaiyd) were busy
with their own affairs and they were spending their time in a struggle
against Bani Abbas, therefore, more chances and possibilities of the
propagation of Islamic learning's got available for him. Imam (A.S.)
started laying the foundations of educational and research assemblies
and trained students of his school of thought, each one of whom was
unmatched and incomparable.
A number of them
consisted of:
1. Abban Bin Taghlib:
Who had been present in the office and company of Imam Sajjad (A.S.),
and was counted to be one of the important personalities of knowledge
and learning and was an authority over the jurisprudence, exegesis,
Hadith, and language. To the extent that Imam said "Oh Abban sit in the
mosque of Madina and pronounce judgments to the people.
2. Zurara: This person
had been present before Imam Mohammad Baqir (A.S.) and Imam Sadiq (A.S.)
and he had ample expertise in the fields of Hadith, Jurisprudence, and
Shiite leanings. So that Imam Sadiq (A.S.) said about him "If Zurara and
his companions were not there the effects of the Prophets (P.B.U.H.)
would have finished (ceased to exist).
3. Kumait Asadi: He
was an expert and capable poet and he was unparallel and unmatched
regarding the language and literature and the statement of facts and
criticizing the cruel and brutal rulers. He used to stand up to the
defense of Ahl al-Bayth (A.S.) by virtue of his language, which was in
the mould of beautiful and attractive verses. Sometimes he was
threatened to be slain by the usurper rulers. In the age of Bani Omaid
it was very dangerous and perilous to state the effects and virtues of
Ahl al-Bayth (A.S.). But this freedom-loving poet had bought all the
risks and dangers at the cost of his life, for the sake of Ahl al-Bayth
(A.S.).
Kumait was the
enamored and infatuated of Imam Mohammad Baqir (A.S.). One day, he
recited a number of nice rhymes before the Imam (A.S.), so Imam (A.S.)
turned his face towards Kaabah and said, "Oh God do bless Kumait."
4. Mohammad Bin
Muslim: Who was titled as the "jurisprudent of Ahl al-Bayth (A.S.)" was
one of the true friends of Imam Mohammad Baqir (A.S.) and Imam Sadiq
(A.S.). He was one of those about whom Imam Sadiq (A.S.) said, "The
knowledge and learning of Ahl al-Bayth (A.S.) remained living and was
established through him.
Martyrdom of Imam (A.S.)
Finally, Imam Mohammad
Baqir (A.S.) after years of troubles, grief's, labor, and service to the
Islamic culture was poisoned and martyred by the order of Hasham on the
7th of Zil Hijja 114 Hijrah at the age of 57 years. His pure and sublime
body was buried beside the graves of other Imams in the graveyard of
Baqi.
Imam Brief Sayings
1. To lie is from the
desolation and depravity of faith.
2. The faithful does
not become coward, greedy and miser.
3. God is the friend
of modest, tolerant and forbearing person.
4. The scholar whose
existence is fruitful and useful his worth is more than seventy thousand
silly, witless ascetics (worshipers).
5. God does not like
the scurrilous.
6. Avoid languidness
(extenuation) because it is the key to every indecency and ruins and
spoils the religion and the world (worldly affairs) of man.
7. Whosoever commits
excesses over the servants of God, will not be from our Shias.
8. Avoid envying and
being jealous of each other keep away from selfishness (egotism), do not
adopt cruelty, be vigilant and watchful about your prayers, be the
friend of oppressed ones.
9. Whoever tries to
perform the errands and works of the Muslims and eases their
difficulties is like the Muslim martyr who might have martyred in the
battle of Bader and Uhud. |