Jihad:
Struggle
Against One’s Self or Holy War?
By: Hanif
Mohamed
When
most people hear the word jihad the first thing that comes to
mind is Holy War by Muslims against all non-Muslims. Is this the
actual meaning of jihad, or has this term been misused? How was
jihad defined by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)1, the
prophet of Islam? How has jihad been used by Muslims after the
death of Muhammad (pbuh)? Has the media presented the Islamic or
an alternative meaning of jihad to the public? Is jihad the
struggle against one’s self or is it holy war? One fifth of the
human population2 has taken Islam as their way of
life and it is very important that the real concept of jihad in
Islam is presented in its truest form. Jihad means struggle and
the greatest struggle is against the self.
The
term jihad is taken from the origin of the word from the Arabic
verb "jahada" which means to struggle or fight. When discussed
in an Islamic context it is mans struggle against nature, man
and himself. Man struggles against nature to protect himself
from the weather, disease, natural disasters, and from animals
that may do him harm. This struggle against nature is not the
same as it was 1400 years ago because of advances in technology.
We have better housing, living conditions, climate control,
vaccinations and technologies that warn us when there is the
threat of inclement weather. With all these advances the
struggle continues because there are new viruses, no absolute
defense against natural disasters, and many people are still
getting attacked by wild animals every year. The struggles
against nature will always exist. Man throughout history has
struggled against one another in matters of land, ideology,
wealth and religion. Some of these struggles have been resolved
peacefully like the United States and Russia did during the cold
war or not so peacefully like the United States and Iraq during
this present war. Man’s struggle against man can be traced
back Biblically to Cain verses Abel Genesis 4:8, “…So it came
about that while they were in the field Cain proceeded to
assault his brother and kill him”. This shows one person against
another, and there are also wars where communities are against
communities, and nations are against nations. This is nothing
new and as long as men continue not to disagree agreeably this
will continue to exist. Man verses himself is so universal that
it effects all men in every society and in all times. There is
never a time when man is not with himself. Man struggles
constantly with his emotions, morality, mortality, sexuality,
and religious beliefs. He struggles to do what’s right in his
home in the work place and society at large. These struggles are
inescapable. This is why the jihad of the self is called great
because it has to be waged at all times and in all places.
The
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) like all prophets before him came to
teach men how to be moral and upright. He was not an advocate of
war nor did he take part in many. In her book "Muhammed," author
Karen Armstrong writes:
Fighting and warfare might sometimes be necessary, but
it was only a minor part of the whole jihad or struggle.
A well-known tradition (hadith) has Muhammad saying on
returning from a battle, ' We return from the little
jihad to the greater jihad,' the more difficult and
crucial effort to conquer the forces of evil in oneself
and in one's own society in all the details of daily
life.
Muhammad
exhorted his companions to the worship of God alone and to self
purification (jihad). While being oppressed in Mecca Muhammad
never lifted a finger in his or his followers’ defense. “The
opposition began with ridicule and harassment and rapidly
accelerated into an economic boycott and a threat to his
personal life (Dr. Bashir Datoo 49). Muhammad and his followers
were constantly beaten, spat on and two of them Samayya and her
husband Yasser were murdered. Their murders and the continued
persecution of the early Muslims caused the first migration of
the Muslims from Mecca to Abyssinia and a later migration to
Yathrib later named Medina. In Medina the first Islamic state
was established 623 AD. There were Jews and Christians and
pagans living there among each other in peace. There neither was
any holy war (jihad) used to establish the Islamic State of
Medina nor was there any compulsion used in trying to convert
the non-Muslims. In Islam God has said “There is no compulsion
in religion,” (Holy Qur’an 2:256). When Muhammad and his
followers returned victoriously to Mecca not one drop of blood
was shed, and all that were there were forgiven. If jihad “holy
war” was to be waged against all non-Muslims all the pagans of
Mecca and Jews and Christians in Medina would have been killed.
Islamic historian Jafar Subhani writes in his book the
Message,
Buoyed by the quickening pace of his revolution, the
Prophet wrote letters and sent emissaries to neighboring
rulers and heads of other religions to invite them to
the fold of Islam. He set the stage for what unfolded,
diffusion of Islam through vast areas of the Old World
in the succeeding centuries. This was not achieved, as
historians had previously alleged, by the force of the
“sword,” rather, as they themselves now readily
acknowledge, by the intrinsic “appeal” of the message
itself. This appeal had to do with the emphasis that
Islam laid on the moral and ethical development of a
just and equitable society.
Muhammad
led by example and his example was one of love, forgiveness and
admonishing people to do good deeds and purify themselves
through prayer, fasting and charity truly the great jihad.
After
the death of Prophet Muhammad, Islam continued to expand at an
unprecedented rate. However the Muslims were divided after the
Prophet’s death into two main groups the Sunnis and the Shiites.
The divide came because one group the Sunnis believed that the
Prophet never named a successor to follow him so one needed to
be elected and the other “Shiites” believed that any successor
to any Prophet had to be divinely chosen. This split did not
lead to any wars directly following the death of the Prophet and
the leaders that followed him were careful not to use compulsion
in converting the people to Islam. This may seem contradictory
and controversial in view of the state of Islam today in a place
like Iraq where civil war between the Sunnis and Shiites is
taking place. Some leaders from among the Islamic sects do see
this type of fighting as Jihad, holy war, against other Muslims
that don’t exactly believe the same way they do, they refer to
them as Kufars “non-believers” and they feel like it is their
duty to purify the Muslim ranks of these non-believers. These
groups misinterpret passages and verses from the Qur’an and
traditions to try to justify their actions. Craig Branch agrees
when writes, “A small percentage of Muslims who are from the
extreme, radical and violent wing of Islamic Fundamentalism, and
who are "...passionate, [deeply] religious and
anti-Western...” might dwell on passages or verses
dealing with conflict, war, and resistance to oppression.” The
majority of Muslims adhere to the advice that was given by Ali
ibn Abi Taleb3 to his governor in Egypt, “Oh Malik
always remember that if a man is not your brother in faith he is
your brother in humanity” (Ordak 86). So despite the few
renegades the majority of the Muslims view the greater jihad as,
“the intimate struggle to purify one's soul of evil influences
-- both subtle and overt. It is the struggle to cleanse one's
spirit of sin”
(Al-Hajj
Talib 'Abdur-Rashid).
In
recent years Islam has come under attack in the media some
justified some not. The biggest buzz words used by the media are
Islamic Jihad, terrorism and fundamentalism. All have become
terms that non-Muslims view as calls for all Muslims to unite
against them. The majority of the conflicts that involves
Muslims take place in the Middle East where there are mostly
Arabs involved. This is ironic because the vast majority of
Muslims are non-Arabs and according to
Abdulrahman
Al-Motrif,
“Arabs only make up ten percent of the world wide population of
Muslims”, and it seems like the call for holy war comes from
that part of the world according to the media. Osama bin Laden
is from Saudi Arabia and it has been reported that the majority
of the hijackers in the 911 tragedy were also from Saudi Arabia.
Some Muslims have begun to adopt the westernized view of jihad
that has been reported from the Middle East by the media, that
they should fight non-Muslims. This goes against the thinking of
the majority of the Muslims and against what God says in the
Qur’an, “Invite (all) to the Way of thy Lord with wisdom and
beautiful preaching; and reason with them in ways that are best
and most gracious: for thy Lord knoweth best, who have strayed
from His Path, and who receive guidance”. (H.Q. 16:125). It
would be unfair to say that all media on Islam has been
negative, many in the media have tried to explain the Islamic
view of jihad most notably, PBS video "Muhammad: Legacy of a
Prophet" (Dec. 18, 2002), The PBS video "Islam: Empire of Faith"
(2001) and History Channel/A & E's (summer 2002) "Inside Islam".
The media it seems has been reflective of society, some view
Islam as a terrorist religion bent on ruling the world through
holy war and others see the few renegades as derelicts
misrepresenting what Islam and jihad are ultimately about.
Although the overwhelming reports given by the media has shown
jihad to mean holy war there are those that have championed
jihad as the struggle against the self.
The
question still remains, is jihad the struggle against the self
or holy war? The answer is, it is both. Jihad means struggle
and struggles exist internally and externally. Jihad of self on
a personal level involves as stated by Al-Hajj Talib
'Abdur-Rashid:
Putting "Allah ahead of our loved
ones, our wealth, our worldly
ambitions and our own lives." |
Resisting pressure of parents, peers
and society; strive against "the
rejecters of faith..." (Quran 25:52) |
"...strive and struggle to live as
true Muslims..." |
"Striving for righteous deeds." |
Spreading the message of Islam. "The
(true) believers are only those who
believe in Allah and his messenger
and afterward doubt not, but strive
with their wealth and their selves
for the cause of Allah. Such are the
truthful." (Quran, 49:15)
|
He further
stated jihad has a verbal level:
To
strive for justice through words and non-violent
actions. Muhammad encouraged Muslims to demand justice
in the name of Allah. When asked: "'What kind of jihad
is better?' Muhammad replied, 'A word of truth in front
of an oppressive ruler!'" According to the Institute of
Islamic Information and Education: "The life of the
Prophet Muhammad was full of striving to gain the
freedom to inform and convey the message of Islam.
During his stay in Makkah [Mecca] he used non-violent
methods and after the establishment of his government in
Madinah [Medina], by the permission of Allah, he used
armed struggle against his enemies whenever he found it
inevitable."
He final
says jihad has a physical level:
This relates to the use of physical force in defense of
Muslims against oppression and transgression by the
enemies of Allah, Islam and Muslims. Allah commands that
Muslims lead peaceful lives and not transgress against
anyone. If they are persecuted and oppressed, the Qur'an
recommends that they migrate to a more peaceful and
tolerant land: "Lo! Those who believe and those who
emigrate (to escape persecution) and strive (Jahadu) in
the way of Allah, these have hope of Allah's mercy..."
(Quran, 2:218). If relocation is not possible, then
Allah also requires Muslims to defend themselves against
oppression by "fighting against those who fight against
us." The Qur'an states: "To those against whom war is
made, permission is given [to defend themselves],
because they are wronged - and verily, Allah is Most
Powerful to give them victory." (Quran 22:39)
The above
references show that both views of jihad are used in Islam. It
can also be said from the above references that violence is
looked at as the final alternative to resolving issues. It shows
that problems should be talked out and if that isn’t working
that one should leave the place where the conflicts are taking
place to avoid physical fighting. Then when all else has failed
permission has been given to fight in order to protect oneself.
Nowhere in the Qur’an or tradition of the Prophet Muhammad
(pbuh) is there to be found any passage that makes it okay for a
Muslim to be aggressive against any other human being. The
Qur’an urges Muslims to fight against the oppressions and
transgressions from the enemies of Islam and it warns the
Muslims not to transgress the limits of others, “And fight in
the way of Allah those who fight with you, and do not exceed the
limits, surely Allah does not love those who exceed the limits”.
(Quran 2:190)
Ayatollah
Aga Pooya in his commentary of this verse says:
.
Islam promotes peace, order and harmony in the human
society and keeps man on the right path. When the
enemies of Islam found that the light of this message
was sweeping darkness from every corner, the
disbelievers vowed to annihilate it. It was only then
that, no recourse being left for the believers, they had
to resolutely take up the sword in defense. Verses 39
and 40 of al Hajj also give permission to fight when any
people is wronged, oppressed and persecuted.
If Numbers 25: 1 to 3 and 31: 7 to 18 in the Old
Testament are read carefully one comes to the
conclusion that when the Israelites, in Shitim,
began to worship the gods of Moab the Lord God
asked Moses to "take all the leaders of the
people and hurl them down to their death before
the Lord."
And they made war on Midians as the Lord has
commanded Moses, and slew all the men. The
Israelites took captive the Madianite women and
children, and carried off all their cattle,
their flocks and their property. They burnt all
their cities. Moses asked them to kill every
male child and every women who has had
intercourse with a man.
So
in the way of Allah, the prophets were commanded to put
an end to the activities of the disbelievers who wanted
to destroy the true devotees of Allah in order to stop
the advancement and progress of the religion of Allah.
The Quran commands the Muslims not to exceed the limits
but to fight evil until its power base is dislodged, and
if the kafirs (non believers) desist then to show
mercy. Compared to what the other prophets did,
as commanded by Allah, to destroy the unbelievers, the
role assigned to the Holy Prophet as the "mercy unto the
worlds" was the most benign of all the campaigns
undertaken by His messengers to liberate mankind from
the clutches of the enemies of Allah. He fought and
killed the enemy whenever war was imposed on him.
Here Pooya
shows how other Prophets (pbut) killed their enemies and how
Muhammad was told to desist killing the enemy if they stopped
fighting.
In
conclusion Islam is growing about 2.9% per year which is faster
than the total world population which increases at about 2.3%
annually. It is thus attracting a progressively larger
percentage of the world's population4. This is
happening despite the overwhelming negative reports given by the
media. According to
aimpress.com,
“6.4% of the world's population is converting to Moslem every
year.” They aren’t converting to Moslem they are converting to
Islam. The Middle East Media Research Institute reported that
after 9/11, 34,000 Americans converted to Islam. In an article
written in the New York Times October 2001 says, “One expert
estimates that 25,000 people a year become Muslims in this
country; some clerics say they have seen conversion rates
quadruple since Sept. 11. With people entering the religion of
Islam in such great numbers, reason must dictate that the Holy
war that is being waged has to be one of the intellect and not
of weapons. More people are asking about Islam and the answers
they are finding are that Islam appeals to them and they are
converting. Most people want peace and statistics show that more
people are moving toward Islam which incidentally means peace.
This shows that although jihad means Holy war more people
believe that it is the struggle of each individual to please his
maker. Again both views of jihad are present in Islam but as the
Prophet Muhammad has said,”
The best jihad [struggle] is (by) the one who strives against
his own self for Allah, The Mighty and Majestic."
Works
Cited
Growth of Islam;
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
Holy
Bible: New World Translation
Karen
Armstrong, "Muhammed: A biography of the Prophet," Harper
San Francisco, (1993).
Mir
Ahmed Ali, Translation of the Holy Qur’an
Dr.
Bashir Datoo, “Perspectives on Islamic Faith and History” (2007)
Page 49
Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani, “The Message” Islamic Seminary
Publications Karachi, Pakistan Chapter 2 Arabia before Islam
"Save
a Life, Save All Humanity--Take a Life, Kill All Humanity:
What the Islamic scriptures really say about jihad and
violence," Beliefnet, at:
http://www.beliefnet.com/story/
Multi-lingual Qur’an,
http://al-islam.org/quran/ Pooya Commentary on 2:190
Muslim
population,
http://muslim-canada.org/muslimstats.html
What
America needs to know about Islam,
aimpress.com
Islam in
America Post 911, Middle East Media Research Institute (2001)
The rise
of Islam in America, New York Times October 2001