The Declaration of
Ghadeer Khum
It was in the month of Zilhajj 10 A.H.
when the Holy Prophet becoming intuitively aware of his approaching end,
decided to make a farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca. As the time for the
Pilgrimage approached, he started to make preparations for the journey.
Hazrat Ali who was in Yemen was asked to complete his work and join the
Prophet in Mecca.
The Prophet reached Mecca on Sunday the 4th of Zilhajj 10 A.H. Soon
after his arrival, Ali, who hastened back from Yemen ahead of his men,
joined the Prophet, who was very glad to see him and affectionately
embracing him asked what vow he had taken for the pilgrimage. Ali
replied, “I have taken upon me a vow to perform the same pilgrimage as
the Prophet, whatever that might be, and I have brought thirty-four
camels for the sacrifice”. The Prophet joyfully exclaimed,
‘Allah-o-Akbar’, (Great is the Lord), and said he had brought sixty-six.
He added, that in all the rites of the Pilgrimage, as well as in the
sacrifice, he (Ali) would be his partner. Thus Ali also performed the
Greater Pilgrimage along with the Prophet.
Before completing the rites of the Pilgrimage, the Holy Prophet
addressed the assembled multitude from the top of the Jabal-ul-Arafat in
words, which yet live in the hearts of Muslims. As the various
ceremonies were to be treated as models for future guidance, the Prophet
observed rigorously each rite, whether in compliance with revelations
or in accordance with the patriarchal usage. Thus, when the hundred
camels were to be sacrificed, he and Ali offered them conjointly. A
repast, prepared from the meat of the sacrificed camels was served; the
Prophet sat down with no other but Ali to partake of it. The ceremonies
of the pilgrimage ended with shaving of the heads and paring of the
nails after the sacrifice of animals. The pilgrim’s garb was then
removed and Ali, who rode on the Prophet’s Duldul, proclaimed that the
restrictions of Pilgrimage were over.
THE SERMON AT GHADIR-E-KHUM AND THE LAST DECLARATION
Bidding farewell to his native city of Mecca, the Prophet set out for
Medina on the 14th Zilhajj, 10 A.H., accompanied by the same
congregation of Muslims.
Now as his swift camel sped on with its long swinging strides, a life of
tireless toil was nearing its end, a mission of mercy and devotion was
approaching its culmination and the seeds of Divine dispensation were
about to begin to bear fruit. His mien and bearing showed the signs of
sublime peace, coupled with an overwhelming sense of gratitude and an
insatiable yearning for his Creator and Cherisher.
Yet on close scrutiny, his serene features could not have failed to
disclose the signs of deep contemplation as if he was weighing the pros
and cons of some momentous decision.
What could be the cause of this restlessness? Had he not accomplished
all that he had set his mind to do?
The Unity and Justice of God had been convincingly instilled into the
hearts of men; the belief in the angels, the Scriptures, the Prophets,
the resurrection of the dead, and the Day of Judgment had all been
authoritatively expounded.
But with the meticulous thoroughness of his genius, Prophet Muhammad
realized that the most important part of his task still remained
unfulfilled, and it was this, which made him restless at the moment of
his greatest triumph. He saw that the sands of time were running out and
the cup of his life was filled almost to the brim. ‘This being so, the
most Important task was to ensure the continuity of his life’s work by
someone endowed with all the moral values which he had upheld or else.
He has miraculous achievements during the twenty-three years of his
apostolic ministry stood In danger of being Irretrievably undone. It was
a matter of prime Importance that Divine guidance should continue after
him and that the Divine sovereignty should be exercised by the chosen
ones of God, to be appointed by the Prophet.
He had already designated his Ahl-ul-Bait on several occasions, as the
Ark of Noah, the strong rope of God, the door of forgiveness, the
purified ones, and made the love of these holy ones incumbent upon his
followers. He had similarly, on many occasions, pointed out Ali as “My
brother and Successor”, “The door of the city of knowledge”, “The most
equitable judge”, “Th. embodiment of faith”, and having the position in
relation to himself as “Aaron was to Moses”.
Were these pronouncements in the course of time going to be forgotten,
misinterpreted or ignored by his followers after him? Could the Prophet
allow thorn to be set aside by power-seekers? He knew that he had to
make a final and unchallengeable declaration regarding his successor.
The choice of the appropriate moment, however, depended not on him but
on Divine Inspiration. With these thoughts in his mind he marched on
towards Medina.
As he arrived at Ghadir-E-Khum, suddenly the signs of a revelation
appeared. The voice of Archangel Gabriel was heard saying
“O thou esteemed Messenger, impart the guidance that has been revealed
unto thee”, * and in order to impress the urgency of the command,
Gabriel went on to say:
“For if thou doeth it not, thou has not imparted His Message at all”;
and again in the same breath to allay his fears and misgivings the
angel added:
“God will protect thee from the evil designs of men”. (Ch. 5 ‘verse 67)
It is held that the Prophet had already been commanded to proclaim Ali
as his successor, but he had postponed the announcement for some
suitable occasion to avoid misinterpretation.1
* It refers to the Commandment contained in Sura XCIV of the Quran,
which says
Have We not opened thy breast for thee?
And put off thy burden from thee,
Which galled thy back?
And have We not raised thy name for thee?
Then verily, with trouble cometh ease,
Verily, along with trouble cometh case;
And when thou art eased, set up (thy successor),
And turn to thy Lord with fervor.
In the 7th verse God has commanded the Prophet to appoint his successor.
On hearing this imperious command, the Prophet made up his mind
instantly. He motioned the muezzin Bilal to stop and recite the Azan
with the words, “Hayya’ ala Khair il’amal” (hasten towards the best of
deeds), for surely the acceptance thereof was to be a crucial event upon
which the perpetuity of the Prophet’s Mission depended.
As the Prophet pulled up his reins, the whole entourage came to a halt.
Those who had gone ahead were summoned back and those who followed
gathered round casting inquiring glances at each other. The Prophet soon
dismounted and ordered his followers to clear the ground. The pebbles
and thorns that lay scattered about were promptly brushed aside. Others,
on receiving his express directions, began to untie the saddles from
the backs of their camels, and to pile them one on top of another so as
to make a pulpit. The arrangements thus completed, the throng squatted
upon the bare ground, some spreading their cloaks below to protect
themselves from the burning sand, others holding up their handkerchiefs
to shield their eyes from the sun’s glare, for it was nearly midday.
The people having clustered round the pulpit, the Prophet stepped
forward and on his right was Ali, whose turban, black in color, with its
ends hanging over both of his shoulders, was arranged by the Prophet
himself. Then obeying the Divine Injunction to the letter, he addressed
the multitude in the following memorable words.2
“All praise belongs to God. In Him do I put my faith and from Him do I
crave support. Him do I trust and His protection seek against the malice
of our souls and evils of our deeds. The misguided have no guide save
Him, and those who are guided by Him can never go astray. I bear witness
that there is no one worthy of worship save Him and that I, Muhammad, am
His slave and Messenger.”
“O ye folk, behold, the All-knowing God bath informed me that the days
of my life are coming to an end and the time is fast approaching when I
shall be called away from your midst towards the eternal abode. But you
and I, each one of us is answerable unto God for all things arc duc unto
Him from us. What then do you say?”
And the listeners answered, “we bear witness that thou hast done thy
duty and never stinted to guide and advise us according to the Divine
Will.”
“Then do ye bear witness”, asked the Prophet, “to the Unity of God and
the Apostleship of this servant of God, who now speaks to you by His
command, and do ye not bear witness that the resurrection and judgment,
heaven and hell and the life hereafter are certainties?”
And they all answered, “Yea, verily Yea.”
“Now then”, continued the Prophet, “Listen to me carefully; I have been
commanded to tell you that I will soon be taken away from your midst,
but I leave unto you my Legacy of two grand precepts, each of which
surpasses the other in its grandeur-God’s Holy Book (The Quran) and my
Ahl-ul-Bait (my irrevocable Progeny, consisting of Ali, Fatima, Hasan
and Husain). Never shall they separate from one another until they reach
me in Heaven at the Fountain of Kausar, and so long as you will adhere
unto both my legacies, you will never be led astray after me. Therefore,
O ye folk, it is my last Will and Testament unto you that you should
always remain faithful to the Holy Quran and my Ahl-ul-Bait as true
Muslims until death.”
By these portentous words all those who loved their teacher and
benefactor were moved to tears.
And he continued, “Do not lag too far behind them and do not walk ahead
of them, for in either event you will go astray. But follow them and
walk in their footsteps and they will guide you along the Straight
Path.”
Then he asked, “Who do you think is more worthy of obedience than your
souls?”
And they answered, “God and His messenger know best.”
And he continued, “Lo! God is my Master, and am I not worthy of
obedience from you?”
And they all said, “Yea, verily Yea.”
Then the Prophet bent down and lifted up Ali in his hands, showing him
to the crowds on all sides of the pulpit, aid proclaimed,
“Mun Kunto Maulaho fe haaza Ali-yun Maulah”
“Of whomsoever I am the Master (Mauls), this Ali is his Master (Mania)”.
So saying the Prophet raised up his hands heavenwards and prayed, “O our
God, love those who will love Ali, despise those who will despise him;
support those who will support him; sad reject those who will reject
him. 3”
Announcing this thrice, he got down from the raised platform, and seated
Ali in a tent, where the people did him homage. Omar bin Al-Khatab was
the first to congratulate Ali and to acknowledge him ‘Guardian of all
Believers’ 4
Saying “Bakhin bakhin laka ibne Abi Talih Asbahta Maul ayee
Wa Maula kulla Momineen wa Mominaatin.”
“Greetings be to thee O son of Abu Talib!
Thou hast dawned as my Leader and the Leader of all faithful men and
women.”
After the men, came all the women to congratulate Ali. At the conclusion
of this installation ceremony, the Holy Prophet asked the congregation,
‘Have I not truly and faithfully delivered unto you the Message?’
And they answered, “Yea, verily Yea.”
Then the Prophet said, “Go now, and let those who have been present here
today repeat and convey to those who are absent all that they have seen
and heard.”
At this moment the Divine Inspiration again descended upon our Holy
Prophet with the memorable words that read,
“This day have I perfected unto you your religion and completed upon you
My Blessings, and I am well-pleased with Islam as your religion.” (Ch.
5, Verse 3).
The tone and purpose of these two religious revelations, firstly, the
verse commanding the Prophet to deliver the Message with the warning
that any omission on his part would be a complete failure of his
mission, and secondly, this last revelation, declaring the Lord’s
pleasure at the fulfillment of the task, clearly indicate that they
relate to some matter of prime importance and not merely to some
abstruse detail of ritual. It is only in the light of the
Hadith-e-Ghadir that these two passages of the Holy Quran can be
properly understood in their true importance and full significance. By
consensus of the exegesis these two verses were revealed after the
Prophet’s last pilgrimage.
AUTHENTIC PROOFS
In Mishkat, a tradition of Bara’s Bin Azib and Zaid is quoted here for
further clarification from the Musnad of Ahmed ibn Hanbal The Companions
state, “We were accompanying the Apostle on his journey. When we reached
the oasis of Ghadir-E-Khum, the announcer called ‘Assalato Jamia’, (come
to congregational prayer). The earth under the trees was swept for the
Apostle. Then after the Zohar prayer was over, the Apostle held the hand
of Ali Ibn Abi Talib and said, “O people! Do you know that according to
every believer I am superior to his soul?” All of them replied, ‘It is a
fact, O Messenger of Allah! To every believer you are superior to his
soul’. Then the Apostle said, ‘Ali is also the Lord of him whose Lord I
am. O Allah! Befriend him who befriends Ali and be alien to him who is
alien to Ali.’ Thereafter Omar met Ali and said, “Hail to thee! O son of
Abu Talib, today you become the Lord of all believing men and women.”
Wahidee in Asbab-un-Nuzool; Suyuti in Tafseer-e-Durr-i-Mansoor;
Shaukani in Tafseer Fathul Qadir and Sideeq Hasan Khan in Fathul Bayan
mention a tradition noted by Ibn Abi Hatim and other scholars from Abu
Saeed Khudri in which it is stated that the verse “O Messenger! Make
known what has been revealed unto you by your Lord and if you do not do
so you have not made known your message.” The Quran Ch. 5, verse 67-was
revealed on the occasion of the event at Ghadir-E-Khum in honor of Ali.
Moreover in another tradition which has been quoted by Aini in his
annotation of Saheeh Bukharee, this verse is paraphrased as “O
Messenger! Proclaim the order which your Lord has passed and revealed
unto you in honor of Ali Ibn Abu Talib.” So when this verse was revealed
the Apostle held Ali by his hand and said, “Ali is also Lord of him who
has taken me as his Lord.”
Many similar quotations are given by historians and the names of a few
are mentioned below:- Abul Fida, Ibn Khallakan in Wafiyat-ul-A’ yaan;
Hakini
in his Mustadrak; Nasaee in Kitabul Khasais; lbn Hajar Makki in
Sawaiq-i-Muhriqa; Rawdzat-ul~Ahbab; Naishapuri in Tafseer Gharaibul
Quran, Hafiz Ibn Mardwaih and Hafiz Abu Naeem from Abu Saeed Khudri.
Muhammad Ibn Saalim Hanafi remarks in his marginal note on Sirajul
Muneer-i-Azeezee, an annotation of Jam’i Sagheer of Suyuti, that when
the Apostle delivered his speech “Ali is also the Lord of him who has me
for his Lord, and some of the people inquired of the Holy Prophet, “Was
it not sufficient for us to profess the ‘Creed of evidence, say our
prayers and give alms with strict regularity, that the superiority and
Lordship of Abu Talib’s son is now being imposed upon us? Do you
commission us in this matter of your own accord, or is it ordered by
Allah?” The Apostle replied, “By Him other than whom there is no one to
be worshipped, this is the order of Allah”.
Tafseer-o-Sa’labi, Noor-ul-Absar, Seerat-ul-Halabiyah and Mustadrak
relate that when on that day a man named Haris, son of No’man Fihri
refused to acknowledge Ali as his leader and disputed with the Holy
Prophet on this matter and said, “O Allah! If this be truly Thy Command
then either rain down stones from heaven upon Muhammad or punish us.” A
large stone fell upon him from heaven so that he was killed, just as the
army of Abraha and their elephants had been killed before.
The following verse was revealed on that occasion: - “A questioner asked
for the inevitable punishment to befall the disbelievers which no one
can avert”. (Chapter 70 Verse 1-2.)
The great research scholar, Allama Sayed Hamid Husain Kintoori, has
written a book in two volumes called Abaqatul-Anwar on the investigation
of the innumerable sources through which the Hadith-e-Ghadir has come
down to us. In recent years the eminent Alim, Ayat-Ullah Shaikh Abdal
Husain-al-Ameeni of Najaf has listed the names of one hundred and ten
companions of the Holy Prophet who have reported this tradition as
eye-witnesses and eighty-three Tabe’in who heard it from their elders
and three hundred and fifty-nine Ulema of all sects, arranged
chronologically through each of the centuries since the time of the
Prophet up to the present -day, who have recorded the sermon of
Ghadir-E-Khum in their books and acknowledged its authenticity.
Ayatullah-al-Aminis major opus ‘Al-Ghadir’, is a classic of erudition
and painstaking research. The book establishes beyond doubt, whatever
the criterion of verification adopted, the overwhelming
incontrovertibility of the event of Ghadir i.e. the nomination of Ali.
It also firmly prescribes the injunction that if ever any tradition is
to be believed, the Hadith-e-Ghadir holds the first claim to
acceptance.
It will be readily vouched by every scholar of the Arabic language that
the word ‘Maula’ in its meaning is far superior to the word Caliph. A
Caliph is only a successor to one in any office, but a ‘Maula’ means the
Lord and Master of everything. In using the word ‘Maula’ for Ali, the
Apostle of God intended to convey the Divine Will that after him Ali
should be held in the same position as he himself was for the people.
The Holy Quran says:
“And neither doth he speak of (his own) inclination; it (the wording) is
naught but a revelation revealed (unto him).” (Chapter 53, Verse 3 and
4).
Ali was undoubtedly the chosen and declared successor of the Holy
Prophet from the beginning of his Prophetic Career. Now he had the
distinction of being to the Muslims what the Holy Prophet was to them;
which meant that Ali was to be treated in place of (Successor to) the
Prophet after his death.5
Shah Ali Hasan Jaisi, a great-celebrated Sunni Sufi, has made the
meaning of the word ‘MAULA’ as implied in the declaration, very clear in
his couplet in Persian:
“Abus dar maanee-ay mun kunto Maula mee ravce hersoo, Ali Maula ba-on
manee keh Paigamber boo-cod Maula”.
TRANSLATION
“In vain doth thou wander in all directions in interpreting the word
Maula (Master),
Ali is in the same sense Maula (Master) as was the Holy Prophet Maula
(Master).”
Philosophers, commentators of the Quran, poets, historians and seekers
of truth all unanimously acknowledge this vital tradition as an
established fact. The valley of Ghadir-E-Khum owes its fame to this
single, unique and unforgettable event, on it the survival of the
guidance of Islam depends, and so long as there remains a single grain
of sand from that parched and arid wilderness, it will rise and proudly
describe how the Prophet of Mercy once trod upon that ground, how he
lifted up the worthiest of his disciples and proclaimed him as the
Amir-uI-Mominin, for there was no one worthier than him and his
descendants the eleven Imams, to defend, expound and propagate Islam’s
immortal teachings to the world.
The Holy Prophet has said:
“I am the last of time Apostles of Allah (Khatam-un-Nabeeyeen) O Ali,
whilst you are the last of the successors to the Prophets.” (Khatam-ul-Waseeyeen).
1. Tafsir Kabir; Tafsir Durr.aI-Manthur Tafsir Neshapuri;
Sirat-aI-Halabia.
2. Sayid Safdar Husain.
3. Suyuti has reported thus “O God! Befriend him who is a friend of Ali,
and be an enemy to him who is an enemy to Ali.”
4 Mishkat; Khasais Nasai; Rawdzat.al-Ahbab; Rawdzat-aI-Safa.
5 Tabari; lbne Athir; Abul Fida, AmirAIi |