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History of Baytullah
In the province of Hijaz in the western part of Saudi Arabia, not far
from the Red Sea, there lies the town of Makkah. In the center of this
town there is a small square building made of stones. The small, cubed
building may not rival skyscrapers in height or mansions in width, but
its impact on history and human beings is unmatched. Since time
immemorial world travelers have known this town and this stone built
house. This is Baytullah, the House of Allah. Its sanctity and antiquity
is older than history itself.
The Baytullah\Kaaba is the building towards which Muslims face five
times a day, everyday, in prayer. This has been the case since the time
of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him & his family) over
1400 years ago. Literally, Kaaba in Arabic means a high place with
respect and prestige. The word Kaaba may also be derivative of a word
meaning a cube.
The other names of the Kaaba, are Bait ul Ateeq - which means,
according to one meaning, the earliest and ancient. According to the
second meaning, it means independent and liberating. Both meanings could
be taken. Bait ul Haram - the honorable house. Scholars and
historians say that the Kaaba has been reconstructed between five to 12
times.
Tradition goes that the Kaaba was ordained by Allah to be built in
the shape of the House in Heaven called Baitul Ma'amoor. Allah in his
infinite Mercy ordained a similar place on earth and Prophet Adam (p.b.u.h.)
was the first to build this place. The Bible, in the chapter of Genesis
describes its building when God ordained Abraham (p.b.u.h.) to erect a
Shrine for worship when Abraham (p.b.u.h.) was ordered to go to the
southern desert with his wife Hager (p.b.u.h.) and infant son Ishmael (p.b.u.h.).
The Old Testament describes this building as the Shrine of God at
several places, but the one built at Ma'amoor is very much similar to
the one at Makkah. There is no doubt that it was referring to the stone
built house at Makkah.
Holy Qur'an brought this story into the full light of history.
Say: "Allah spoken the Truth: follow the religion of Abraham, the sane
in faith; he was not of the Pagans." The first House (of worship)
appointed for men was that at Bakka: Full of blessing and of guidance
for all kinds of beings. (Holy Qur'an 3:95-96)
From the above verses Holy Qur'an firmly establishes the fact that
Abraham (p.b.u.h.) was the real founder of the Holy Shrine.
When
Prophet Abraham (p.b.u.h.) built the Holy Shrine
in Makka, his prayers were that this place should remain a
center of worship for all good and pious people; that Allah should keep
his family the custodians of the Holy place. Ever since, Ishmael (p.b.u.h.)
the son of Abraham (p.b.u.h.) who helped his father to build this place
and his descendants remained the custodians of the Holy Shrine. History
tells us that centuries passed and the guardianship of the Kaaba
remained in the family of Ishmael (p.b.u.h.) until the name of Abde
Manaf came into the limelight. He inherited this service and made it
much more prominent. His son Hashim took this leadership and extended it
to many other towns of Hijaz so much so that many pilgrims flocked
annually to this place and enjoyed Hashim's hospitality. A feast was
given in honor of the pilgrims, the family of Hashim served food and
water to all guests. This prominence created jealousies and his brother
Abdusham's adopted son Omayya tried to create trouble. There was a
dispute in which Omayya failed and left Makka to settle down in the
Northern provinces of Syria (Sham). After Hashim his brother Muttalib
and after him Hashim's son Shyba who became known as Abdul Muttalib
assumed the leadership of the family. He organized feasts and supplies
of water to the pilgrims during the annual festival of pilgrimage to the
Holy Shrine.
Prophet Abraham (p.b.u.h.) built this House for devout worship to the
only God. But within his lifetime people disobeyed his orders and began
to put idols inside the Kaaba. Abraham (p.b.u.h.) had to clean the House
of these idols and of idle worshippers. He told the people that this was
a symbolic house of God. God does not live there; He is everywhere.
People did not understand this logic and after the death of Abraham (p.b.u.h.),
the people, out of reverence, filled the place with idols again. They
thronged to this place annually and worshipped their personal gods, It
was over Four Thousand years later that the last of the line of prophets
Muhammad Ibne Abdullah (p.b.u.h.) entered Makka triumphantly, went
inside the Kaaba and, with the help of his cousin and son-in-law Ali
Ibne Abi Talib (p.b.u.h.) destroyed all the idols of Kaaba with their
own hands. At one stage of this destruction of idols, the tallest of the
idol Hubbol was brought down after Ali had to stand on the shoulders of
the Prophet to carry out God's orders. The Prophet of Islam (p.b.u.h.)
was reciting the verse from the Holy Qur'an "Truth hath come and
falsehood hath vanished". This was done in the 8th year of Hijra,
January 630 AD after the bloodless victory at Makka by the Prophet of
Islam (p.b.u.h.).
Historically when Abraham (p.b.u.h.) was ordered by Allah to build
the Shrine for worship, he uncovered the original foundations of the
Kaaba built by Adam (p.b.u.h.). Abraham (p.b.u.h.) with the help of his
son Ishmael (p.b.u.h.) erected the new shrine on the same foundations.
Originally it contained only four walls without a roof. Centuries later
during the time of Khusayi who was the leader of the Tribe of Quraish in
Makka a taller building was completed with a roof and a quadrangle wall
around it to give it the shape of a sanctuary and doors all around the
sanctuary walls. People entered through these doors to come to the Kaaba
for worship. It is now about 60 feet high, 60 feet wide from east to
west and 60 feet from north to south. A door is fixed about 7 feet above
ground level facing Northeast. A Black stone (Hajar al-Aswad) was fixed
into its eastern corner. In front of the building was Maqam-e-Ibrahim,
the arch shape gate known as that of Banu Shayba and the Zamzam Well.
Just outside are the Hills called Safa and Merwa and the distance
between the hills is about 500 yards. These days both of the hills are
enclosed into the sanctuary walls with a roof over it.
The whole building is built of the layers of gray blue stone from the
hills surrounding Makka. The four corners roughly face the four points
of the compass. At the East is the Rukn-e-Aswad (The Black stone), at
the North is the Rukn-e-Iraqi, at the west Rukn-e-Shami and at the south
Rukn-e-Yamani. The four walls are covered with a curtain (Kiswa). The
kiswa is usually of black brocade with the Shahada outlined in the weave
of the fabric. About 2/3rd of the way up runs a gold
embroidered band covered with Qur'anic text.
In the Eastern corner about 5 feet above ground the Hajar al-Aswad
(The Black stone) is fixed into the wall. Its real nature is difficult
to determine, its visible shape is worn smooth by hand touching and
kissing. Its diameter is around 12 inches. Opposite the Northwest wall
but not connected with it, is a semi circular wall of white marble. It
is 3 feet high and about 5 feet thick. This semi circular space enjoys
an especial consideration and pilgrims wait in queue to find a place to
pray there. The graves of Ishmael (p.b.u.h.) and his mother Hager (p.b.u.h.)
are within this semi circular wall (Hateem). Between the archway and the
facade (N.E.) is a little building with a small dome, the Maqam-e-Ibrahim.
Inside it is kept a stone bearing the prints of two human feet. Prophet
Abraham (p.b.u.h.) is said to have stood on this stone when building the
Kaaba and marks of his feet are miraculously preserved. On the outskirts
of the building to the Northeast is the
'Zamzam Well' (this is now put under
ground).
History of the building of the Kaaba
And when We made the House a pilgrimage for men and a (place of)
security, and: Appoint for yourselves a place of prayer on the
standing-place of Abraham. And We enjoined Abraham and Ishmael saying:
Purify My House for those who visit (it) and those who abide (in it) for
devotion and those who bow down (and) those who prostrate themselves.
And when Abraham said: My Lord, make it a secure town and provide its
people with fruits, such of them as believe in Allah and the last day.
He said: And whoever disbelieves, I will grant him enjoyment for a short
while, then I will drive him to the chastisement of the fire; and it is
an evil destination. And when Abraham and Ishmael raised the foundations
of the House: Our Lord! Accept from us; surely Thou art the Hearing, the
Knowing: Our Lord! And make us both submissive to Thee and (raise) from
our offspring a nation submitting to Thee, and show us our ways of
devotion and turn to us (mercifully), surely Thou art the Oft-returning
(to mercy), the Merciful. Our Lord! And raise up in them a Messenger
from among them who shall recite to them Thy communications and teach
them the Book and the wisdom, and purify them; surely Thou art the
Mighty, the Wise. (Holy Qur'an 2:125-129)
Holy Qur'an in the above verses described it clearly that Allah had
ordained his servant Abraham (p.b.u.h.) to build the Shrine there for
worship of One God. During Khusayi's time it was rebuilt and fortified.
During the early years of Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) before he
announced his ministry, floods damaged the Kaaba and it was rebuilt
again. When the Black stone was to be put in its place the Makkans
quarreled among themselves as to who should have the honor to place it
there. Abu Omayyah, Makkah's oldest man, proposed that the first man to
enter the gate of the mosque the following morning would decide the
matter. That man was the Prophet (p.b.u.h.). The Makkans were ecstatic.
"This is the trustworthy one (Al-Ameen)," they shouted in a chorus.
"This is Muhammad". He came to them and they asked him to decide on the
matter. He (p.b.u.h.) agreed. Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) proposed a
solution that all agreed to putting the Black Stone on a cloak, the
elders of each of the clans held on to one edge of the cloak and carried
the stone to its place. The Prophet (p.b.u.h.) himself then picked up
the stone and placed it on the wall of the Kaaba. It has been fixed
there ever since.
After the martyrdom of the family of the Prophet at Karbala in 61
Hijri (681 AD), the Omayyad Caliph Yazid Ibne Moawiya did not stop there
in the pursuit of his destruction. He sent a large contingent under the
command of Haseen Ibne Namir to Madina to destroy the Mosque of the
Prophet (p.b.u.h.). They did not stop there but proceeded to Makka and
demolished the four walls of the Kaaba and killed thousands of Muslims
who protested. Yazid died and Ibne Namir returned to Damascus, Abdullah
Ibne Zubayr and his associates rebuilt the Kaaba. Umawi forces came back
to Makka and killed Abdullah Ibne Zubayr, hung his body on the gates of
the Kaaba for three months for all to see the Umawi power. But
eventually this arrogance of power brought its own consequences and
Mukhtar became the ruler in Iraq. Under his guidance the Kaaba was
refurbished and pilgrims began to arrive in safety to perform Hajj.
The Kaaba successfully withstood the Cremation invasion of 317/929,
only the Blackstone was carried away which was returned some twenty
years later. In the year 1981 the Wahabis brought tanks inside the Kaaba
to crush the kahtani revolution against the Saudi regime and almost
demolished the South Eastern Wall. This was later restored with the help
of the Makkan people.
Every man living in Makka in the 6th and 7th
century must out of necessity have had some relationship with the Kaaba.
On the Muhammad (p.b.u.h.), the Prophet of Islam, the Qur'an is silent
during the Makkans period in this respect. All that is known is that the
Muslim community of the period turned towards Jerusalem in prayers.
Subsequently about a year and a half after the Hijra the Muslims were
ordered during prayers, which were lead, by the Prophet of Islam himself
to turn towards Makka. The particular mosque in Madina where this
happened is called Masjid-e-Qiblatain, meaning the mosque with two
Qiblas. The Qur'an tells the Muslims, "Indeed We see the turning of
your face to heaven, so We shall surely turn you to a qiblah which you
shall like; turn then your face towards the Sacred Mosque, and wherever
you are, turn your face towards it." (Holy Qur'an 2:144)
At this same period the Qur'an began to lay stress on the religion of
Abraham (p.b.u.h.), presenting Islam as a return to the purity of the
religion of Abraham (p.b.u.h.) Which, obscured by Judaism and
Christianity, shone forth in its original brightness in the Holy Qur'an.
The pilgrimage to the Kaaba and ritual progressions around the building
were continued, but were now for the glorification of One God. The
Abrahamic vision of the Kaaba created a means of discerning an orthodox
origin buried in the midst of pagan malpractices to which the first
Muslims pointed the way.
Every year after the Hajj ceremony the place is closed for one month
and on the day of Ashura the Kaaba is washed from inside by the Water
from the well of Zamzam and a new Kiswa is brought to cover the Kaaba
for the next year.
This is the story of the Kaaba and the persons who protected it and
remained its custodians and protectors from the satanic and evil forces
throughout history. Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) and the people of his household
(Ahlul Bayt) were the protectors of the Kaaba, and currently the 12th
Imam Muhammad Al-Mahdi (p.b.u.h.) from the direct descent of the Prophet
of Islam is the real protector, its custodian and guardian and shall
remain as such while in concealment. |