Battle of Ahzab
(Tribes) / Battle of Khandaq (Ditch / Moat)
The Qureshite community had one
important dream: The destruction of Mohammed and his religion. Pagan
tribes outside Mecca were sharing with them the same dream. Like the
Meccans, these tribes considered Mohammed a serious menace to their
religion. This belief brought these tribes and the Muslims into military
confrontations in which the Muslims had the upper hand. These tribes,
therefore, were like the Meccan community full of resentment and rancor
towards Mohammed and his religion.
Non-Pagan Tribes
There were clashes between the Muslims
and some of the people of scripture who were neighboring Medina caused
by their breaching of covenants with the Holy Prophet. Tribes from among
them such as Banu Al-Natheer and others were exiled by the Prophet.
A delegation from these people went to
Mecca and other Arab communities during the fifth year after the Hijrah,
propagating war against the Prophet and attempting to mobilize the Arab
forces for the proposed war. They did not need much effort to persuade
the Meccans to a military undertaking against the Prophet. Their
response to the invitation was prompt, and without hesitation, they
mobilized four thousand fighters. This army was supplemented with six
thousands from Ghatafan, Saleem, and other tribes. Thus, ten thousands
strong marched towards Medina.
The Holy Prophet received the news of
the imminent invasion a few days before their arrival at Medina. He
consulted his companions, and
Salman Al-Farisi (the Persian) advised the Prophet
to dig a moat around Medina to prevent the invaders from
entering it. The Messenger commanded the Muslims (who were about three
thousands) to implement the plan. The moat was dug within six days.
Witnessing the moat, the invaders were
surprised and realized that it had become difficult for them to enter
Medina. Thus they found it necessary to besiege Medina instead of
invading it directly. Banu Quraidhah, a community from the followers of
the Scripture, joined the pagan army after its arrival. This community
had a covenant of peace with the Prophet. Their treacherous action was a
frightening surprise to the Muslims. By breaching the covenant, this
community gave the pagan army additional forces and equipment. It became
the duty of the Muslims to add to their defensive lines another line.
The Muslims in horror
There were many hypocrites among the
Muslims who circulated frightening rumors, which added to the fear of
the Muslims. The Holy Qur'an tells us of the psychological crisis with
which the Muslims lived during that period:
"Behold! They came upon you from above
you and from below you, and when the eyes grew wild and the hearts gaped
up to the throats, and ye imagined various (vain) thoughts about God! In
that situation the believers were tried: They were shaken with a mighty
Shock. And behold! The hypocrites and those in whose hearts there is
disease (even) say: God and His Apostle promised us nothing but
delusion! Behold! A party among them said: O people of Yathrib (Medina),
you cannot stand (the attack), therefore turn back! And a band of them
ask for leave of the Prophet, saying: Truly our houses are bare and
exposed though they were not exposed; they intended nothing but to
flee." (33:10-13)
The pagan army, on the contrary, was
enjoying an extremely high morale. Victory to them was certain. Medina
was under their siege, and its inhabitants did not possess the courage
to come out of it. Their confidence in victory and morale went higher
when Banu Quraidhah joined them. This made them change their strategy
from the siege of Medina to a direct invasion.
Amr's
Venture
Amr Ibn Abd Wodd, accompanied by Dhirar
Ibn Al-Khattab, Akramah Ibn Abu Jahl, and others, sought and found a
narrow place in the moat. Their horses leaped above the moat to the
other side. Had this adventure succeeded many pagan fighters were
expected to follow them and make it feasible for the whole army to pass
through that narrow place, for they could have spanned the two sides of
the ditch by filling that narrow gap with soil.
The Muslims were in a state of shock
and horror before the passage of these pagan soldiers to their side. The
new danger, which was presented by their passage, made the morale of the
Muslims much lower than before.
Men of strong faith
Though the hearts of most of the
Muslims were filled with fear, some of them were unshaken by the new
danger. It rather made their faith stronger in God, His Messenger, and
the promised victory. These individuals were ready to sacrifice
themselves and one of them certainly was determined to try to confine
the danger, then to remove it. The Holy Qur'an tells us of the morale of
these believers.
When the believers saw the confederate
forces, they said: This is what God and His Apostle had promised us. And
God and His Apostle told us what is true. And it only added to their
faith and their zeal in obedience. "Among the believers are men who have
been true to their covenant with God: Of them some have completed their
vow (to the extreme), and some (still) wait; but they have never changed
(their determination) in the least." (33:23)
The Holy Qur'an does not inform us of
the number of those believers whose faith was increased by the increase
of the danger. These believers may have been scores or just a few.
However, faith sometimes remains only as a state of mind without being
transformed into action. Some of the faith is active, flowing with
vitality and moving the faithful to face the danger and to rise to its
level and above its level.
The number of these distinguished
believers remained unknown.
Ali's Response
However, history informed us of one of
them because of his outstanding achievements at this battle, in
confining and removing the danger, which shook the very foundation of
the Islamic state. That man was no other than Ali Ibn Abu Talib.
Amr Ibn Wodd, who crossed the moat, was
well known among the Arabs. He attended the battle, boastfully making
his place known to people. His very passage from one side to the other
side of the moat, accompanied only by a small number of fighters,
indicates that the man was extremely courageous. He was the only one
from among the ten thousand fighters who tried to invade the Muslims
directly and challenge them totally while he was with them on one side.
The passage of Amr and his companions
presented to the Muslims a new and serious danger and a frightening
surprise, which they never expected. The door was about to be opened
widely, and hundreds and thousands were expected to follow. The
surprise, however, did not frighten or astonish Ali. History informs us
of Ali's present-mindedness and fast response, for he immediately moved
to confine the danger, then to remove it. Leading a small number of
believers, he went immediately to the point where the Islamic defense
line was broken by the passage of Amr. He had his companions stand
there, preventing others from attempting to follow Amr. And after he
confined the new danger, he managed to remove it completely.
While mounting his horse, Amr went
around the area of Sal'a, facing the Muslims and challenging them: "Is
there any dueler?" He repeated this call but there was no response on
the part of the companions. This compelled Ali to leave his place where
he was deterring the pagan forces from following Amr by crossing the
Moat. Responding to Amr's challenge, he left that place temporarily to
be defended by the few who were with him.
He neared Amr and asked him to face him
in a duel. At this moment the Prophet (S.A.W.) uttered this historical
sentence: "Entire faith is facing entire infidelity". Amr
arrogantly replied: "Why, son of my brother (Amr was a friend of Abu
Talib, father of Ali)? By God, I would not like to kill you." Ali
replied: "But, by God; I would love to kill you." A short but extremely
violent duel between the two heroes took place. Ali killed Amr
immediately and Amr's companions ran away, trying to re-cross the moat
from the Islamic side to the pagan side.
Ali exclaimed: "Allahu Akbar," (God is
Great) and so did the Muslims. The death of Amr was the end of the new
danger. Those who were with him ran away, trying to save their skin; but
most of them were killed before they could cross to the other side.
Ali made a great contribution in the
defense of Islam at this battle during which the danger against the new
Faith reached its peak.
At this battle the Muslims faced a
greater danger than ever before. The elements of the Islamic defense
were the same three elements which played their roles during the two
battles of Badr and Ohod: The firmness of the Messenger and his ideal
leadership: the heroism of Ali; and the determination of the Islamic
army.
A fourth element was added at this
battle: The role of Salman Al-Farisi (the Persian) who counseled the
Prophet to dig the moat around Medina.
The role of the Islamic army during the
Battle of Ohod was smaller than its
role during the Battle of Badr. And it was less important at the Battle
of the Moat than it was at the Battle of Ohod, for the Muslims during
the Battle of the Moat did not even dare face the enemy. They only dug
the moat around the city before the arrival of the pagan army then stood
behind the moat until the end of the battle.
The roles of the first two defensive
elements were similar to their roles at Badr and Ohod and probably
bigger. The firmness of the Messenger, his leadership, his war strategy
and his speed in digging the moat were most essential in making the
Muslims pass the crisis safely.
Ali's role at this battle was
outstanding in the history of the Islamic defense.
The magnitude of Ali's contribution
It would not be logical to say that the
Muslims were unable collectively to kill Amr, who could not by himself
prevail against thousands of Muslims. But this was not the case. Amr was
calling for a duel. A duel could only be between two persons. It was
considered to be shameful for two men or more to have a duel with one
man. Amr challenged all the Muslims to send one of them to have a duel
with him. None of them was willing to face him except Ali.
Nor would it be logical to say that Amr
was the entire power of the pagan forces, and that his death was a
defeat for the whole confederate army. But it would be logical to affirm
two important matters:
1.
Ali's initiative to block the passage point and prevent others from
following Amr had stopped the danger and confined it. Had the passage
point remained open, a great number of the pagan soldiers would have
followed Amr and their passage could have resulted in establishing a
bridge between the two sides of the moat. Such a bridge would enable the
whole army to cross.
One hour of negligence could have led
to a decisive defeat of the Islamic army. This did not happen because
Ali was fast in his response to the new danger, present minded, calm and
collective and ready to deal with the serious crisis.
2.
The death of Amr proved to the pagan army that they were unable to pass
the moat again, and that what Amr could not accomplish could not be
accomplished by others. By this the pagan army had to face one of two
alternatives: Withdrawal, or continuation of the siege until the Muslims
surrender or were forced to cross the moat and fight the pagans. The
continuity of the siege of Medina was beyond the ability of the pagan
army. It did not have the food supplies for ten thousand fighters and
their horses and camels, which could enable them to continue the siege
for several months or weeks. In addition, a hurricane like wind went on
causing the pagan army many damages and making its life miserable. The
hurricane was preceded by an argument between the pagans and their
Jewish allies, which made their co-operation in the battle highly
difficult.
Thus, there was only one alternative
for the pagan army to take after the failure of Amr and his death: The
withdrawal and that is what they did.
We ought not to forget an important
matter! The death of Amr and most of his companions raised the morale of
the Muslims. Their hope in continuity of life and in victory was
revived. All this was a result of Ali's endeavor, and by this we can
understand the meaning of the declaration of the Prophet: "The duel of
Ali Ibn Abu Talib against Amr Ibn Abd Wodd at the Battle of the Moat out
weighs the good deeds of my whole nation until the Day of Judgment."
The Confederate Army withdrew and the
Muslims passed the crisis safely. They regained their confidence
concerning the future because of failure of the Confederate forces after
their biggest mobilization. The Messenger said after their withdrawal:
"After today, we shall invade them and they will not invade us." |