Battle
of the Camel 'Jamal'
On the morning of Friday, the 16th
of Jamadi II, 36 A.H. (November 656 A.D.) Ayesha took the field, mounted
in a litter on her great camel Al-Askar and riding up and down among her
troops, animating them by their presence and by her voice. In history,
the battle is named 'the battle of the camel' after the strange animal
on which Ayesha was mounted, though it was fought on the field of
Khoreiba close to Basra.
Ali's army faced the enemy in the battle array, but the Caliph
ordered them not to take the offensive unless the enemy began the
onset. He further gave stringent orders that no wounded should be
slain, no fugitive pursued, no plunder seized nor the privacy of any
house violated. No sooner had he given these orders when showers of
arrows started to pour from the enemy but, still Imam Ali (a.s.) forbade
his soldiers to retaliate and bade them wait.
"To the very last moment
Ali evinced a decided repugnance to shed the blood of a Muslim; and just
before the battle, he endeavored to turn the adversary to allegiance by
a solemn appeal to the Quran. A person named Muslim immediately offered
himself for the service; and uplifting a copy of the sacred volume with
his right hand, this individual proceeded to admonish the enemy to
recede from their unwarranted designs. But the hand which for the Holy
Manuscript was severed from his arm by one of the infuriated multitude.
Seizing the Qur'an with his left, that limb was also severed by another
scimitar. Still, however, pressing it to his bosom with his mutilated
arms he continued his exhortations until finally he was killed by the
swords of the enemy. His body was subsequently recovered by his friends
and prayers pronounced over it by Imam Ali (a.s.) in person; after
which, taking up a handful of dust, and scattering it toward the
insurgents, that prince imprecated upon them in retribution of an
avenging Deity. In the meantime, the impetuosity of Imam Ali's (a.s.)
followers could no longer be restrained. Drawing their swords and
pointing their spears, they rushed impetuously to the combat, which was
supported on all sides with extraordinary fierceness and animosity."
"Price's Mohamedan History" quoted by S. Ockley p. 308.
Talha's fate
During the heat of the battle
when victory began to incline towards Ali, Marwan b. al-Hakam (Secy. of
the late Caliph Osman) one of the officers in Ayesha's army, noticed
Talha urging his troops to fight valiantly. 'Behold the traitor,' said
he to his slave attendant, 'but recently he was one of the murderers of
the aged Caliph, now he stands as the pretended avenger of his blood.
What a mockery! All to gain worldly grandeur.' So saying he in a fit
of hatred and fury, shot Talha with an arrow which pierced his leg right
through and struck his horse, who reared and threw the rider to the
ground. In the anguish of the moment, Talha cried, "O God, take
vengeance upon me for Osman according to Thy will!" And then called for
help. Seeing his footwear full of blood, he asked one of his men to
pick him up and put him on his horse and carry him to Busra. Finding
his death approaching, he called one of Ali's men, who happened to be
present. 'Give me thine hand,' said the dying penitent, "that I may put
mine in it and by this act renew my oath of fealty to Ali." With these
words Talha breathed his last. It touched the generous heart of Imam
Ali (a.s.) when he heard it, and he said, "Allah would not call him to
heaven until He had blotted out his first breach of his word by this
last vow of fidelity." Talha's son Mohammed was also killed in this
battle.
Zubeir's fate
Remorse and compunction had been aroused in the heart of Zubeir at
Imam Ali's reminding him of the Prophet's prophecy. He had no doubt
entered into the battle at the instance of Ayesha and his own son, but
his heart was heavy. Now he saw that Ammar Yasir, the venerable old
companion of the Prophet, noted for his probity and uprightness, was a
General in the Caliph's army, he recollected having heard from the
Prophet's lips that Ammar was a person who would always be found on the
side of justice and right and that he would fall under the sword of the
rebels. It all looked ominous to Zubeir and with a boding spirit he
withdrew from the field of battle and all alone took the road to Mecca.
When he came to the valley crossed by the brook Saba where Ahnaf b. Quis
was encamped with a horde of Arabs (as already mentioned), awaiting the
issue of the battle, he was identified by Ahnaf at a distance. 'Cannot
any one bring me tidings of Zubeir, said he to his men.' One of his
men, Amar b. Jarmuz, understood the hint and immediately set off.
Seeing him approach, Zubeir suspected some evil intent and bade him keep
his distance. But after some argument they made friends and both
dismounted to offer prayers as it was the time for prayers. When Zubeir
prostrated himself in the prayer, Amar seized his opportunity and struck
off Zubeir's head with a single stroke of his scimitar. He carried the
head to Imam Ali (a.s.), who shed tears at the sight of it. It was the
head of one who was once his friend. Turning to the man he said, 'Go'
villain! Carry thy news to Ibn Safiah in hell." This unexpected
malediction so enraged the wretch, who expected a reward, that he
uttered a rhapsody of abuse upon Imam Ali (a.s.) and in a fit of
desperation he drew his sword and plunged it through his own heart.
Defeat of Ayesha
Such was the end of the two great leaders of the rebels. As
to Ayesha, the implacable soul of revolt, the vindictive lady was still
screaming unceasingly with her shrill voice, "Slay the murderers of
Osman," and urging her men to fight. But the troops, bereft of there
leaders, had already lost heart and were falling back upon the city.
Seeing, however that she was in peril, they stayed their flight and
turned to her rescue. Rallying round her camel, one after another
rushed to seize the bridle and the standard, and one after another they
were cut down. Thus seventy men perished by the bridle of the ill-fated
animal. Her litter, steel-plated and constructed like a cage, bristled
all over with darts and arrows, and the hump of the huge beast looked
like a startled and angry hedgehog. "Convinced that the battle must
remain in suspense as long as the camel continued to exhibit a rallying
point to the defenders of Ayesha, Ali signified his desire to those
around him that their efforts should be directed to bring down the
animal. After repeated and desperate assaults, Malik-al-Ashtar
succeeded at length in forcing a passage and immediately struck off one
of the camel's legs. Malik smote another leg, and the camel immediately
sank to the earth. The litter of Ayesha being thus brought to the
ground, Mohammed, the son of Abubakr, was directed by Imam Ali (a.s.) to
take charge of his sister and protect her from being injured by the
missiles which still flew from all quarters. He drew near accordingly,
but when on introducing his hand into the litter and happening to touch
that of Ayesha, she loaded him with abuse and execration, demanding what
reprobate had presumed to stretch his hand where none but the Prophet's
had been permitted. Mohammed replied that though it was the hand of her
nearest in blood, it was also that of her bitterest enemy. Recognizing,
however, the well known accents of her brother, the apprehensions of
Ayesha were speedily dispelled." Price's Mohamedan History as quoted by
S Ockley p. 310.
Ali's magnanimity towards the enemy.
"Ayesha might have looked for cruel treatment at the hands of
Imam Ali (a.s.), having been his vindictive and preserving enemy, but he
was too magnanimous to triumph over a fallen foe." W. Irving's Succ. of
Mohd. p. 197. When all the confusion of the battle was over, Imam Ali
(a.s.) came to her and asked her how she felt. Finding that she was all
right and had escaped without injury, he reproachfully said to her, 'Had
the Prophet directed thee to behave in this way?' She replied, 'You
are victorious, be good to your fallen foe.' Ali reproached her no more
and gave instructions to her brother Mohammed, to take her to the house
of Abdallah b. Khalaf a Khozaite who was a leading citizen of Busra and
was killed fighting for Ayesha. She asked her brother to trace
Abdallah, the son of Zubeir, who was subsequently found lying wounded on
the battlefield among the dead and wounded. As desired by Ayesha, he
was brought before Imam Ali (a.s.) for pardon and forgiveness. The
generous-hearted conqueror magnanimously announced general amnesty to
all the rebels and their confederates along with Abdallah b. Zubeir. In
spite of all this, Marwan and the Umayyads fled to Moawiya in Syria and
to Mecca.
Carnage in the battle
The losses in the battle were very great. Some historians say that
16,796 men of Ayesha's forces and 1,070 of Imam Ali's (a.s.) army were
killed in the battle. The field was covered all over with dead bodies.
A trench was dug and the dead bodies of friends and foes together were
buried by the order of the Caliph.
Retirement of Ayesha
When all was quiet, Imam Ali (a.s.) sent Abdallah b. Abbas to ask
Ayesha to go to Medina, but she declined, saying that she would not go
to a place where the Bani Hashim dwelt. Some reproachful arguments
passed between the two, after which Ibn Abbas came back to Imam Ali
(a.s.) and reported her refusal. Malik-al-Ashtar was then sent to her,
but he too failed in his attempts to persuade her. Then Imam Ali (a.s.)
himself went to her home where she should now go to take her abode in
the place where the Prophet left her, forgetting the past. 'The Lord
pardon thee,' he said, 'for what hath passed and have mercy upon thee.'
but she paid no heed to his words. At last, he sent his son Hasan
(a.s.) with the message that if she persisted in her refusal to go to
her house in Medina, she would be treated in the way with which she was
well acquainted. When Hasan visited her, she was dressing her hair, but
hearing the message she was to perplexed that leaving her head half
dressed she got up and ordered preparations for the journey. Hasan
retired, but the ladies of the house inquired of her what it was the boy
said that made her so uneasy after her rejected Ibn Abbas, Malik-al-Ashtar
and even Ali's suggestion. Then she narrated the incident when the
Prophet had authorized Ali to divorce any of the Prophet's wives during
this life or after. Hasan, said she, was the bearer of a warning from
Ali to enforce that authority, which made her so uneasy. Ali made
proper arrangements for Ayesha's journey and directed his two sons,
Hasan and Husain, to escort her to a day's march, himself accompanying
her for some distance.
"By the direction of Ali, Ayesha was
escorted by a retinue of women (40 or 70), appareled as men, and their
familiar approach afforded a constant subject of complaint. On her
arrival at Medina, however she discovered the delicacy of the imposture,
and became as liberal in her acknowledgments as she had before been in
her reproaches." Price's Mohomedan History as quoted by S. Ockley p.
310.
It may be out of place here to refer to
the well-known tradition from Sahih Bokhari (translation by Wahiduzzaman
part XII, Book of Jehad and Siyar page 68, Ahmedi Press, Lahore) wherein
it is narrated: The Holy Prophet pointing to the house of Ayesha,
proclaimed three times that mischief will start from this house and the
head of Satan will make its appearance from this very house." Needless
to say that Ayesha's rebellious and irreligious actions was in clear
contravention of the mandate of God in Surah Ahzab verse 33 as also of
the various exhortations of the Holy Prophet about this incident.
The spoils of war
It has been mentioned earlier that Imam Ali (a.s.) had
forbidden his army to seize any plunder. "So clearly were Ali's orders
against plundering observed, that whatever was found on the field, or in
the insurgent camp, was gathered together in the great mosque, and every
man was allowed to claim his own. To the malcontents, who complained
that they were not allowed to take the booty, Ali replied that the
rights of war, in this case, lasted only so long as the ranks were
arrayed against each other, and that immediately on submission, the
insurgents resumed their rights and privileges as brother Muslims.
Having entered the city, he divided the contents of the Treasury amongst
the troops which had fought on his side, promising them a still larger
reward should the Lord deliver Syria into his hands." Muir's Annals, p.
366.
Sir William on the battle of the
Camel
"The carnage in the ill-starred Battle of the Camel (for so it came
to be called) was very great. The field was covered with over 10,000
bodies and this, not-withstanding that the victory was not followed up,
for Ali had given orders that no fugitive should be pursued, nor any
wounded soldier slain, nor plunder seized, on the privacy of any house
invaded. A great Trench was dug, and into it the dead were lowered,
friends and foes alike. Ali encamped for three days outside the city,
and himself performed the funeral service. It was a new experience to
bury the dead slain in battle not against the infidel, but Believer
fighting against Believer. Instead of cursing the memory of his enemies
(too soon the fashion in these civil wars), Ali spoke hopefully of the
future state of such as had entered the field, on whatever side, with an
honest heart." Sir William Muir - The Caliphate, it's Rise, Decline and
Fall page 250.
Source of Reference:
Lalljee, Yousuf. N. Ali the Magnificent. Published by
Takrik-e-Tarsil-e-Quran, New York. Pages 153-161. |