A Scientist's
Interpretation Of References To Embryology In The Quran
by Keith L. Moore,
PhD., F.I.A.C.
The Department of Anatomy, University of
Toronto, Canada
Statements
referring to human reproduction and development are scattered throughout
the Quran. It is only recently that the scientific meanings of some of
these verses have been appreciated fully. The long delay in interpreting
these correctly resulted mainly from inaccurate translations and
commentaries and from a lack of awareness of scientific knowledge.
Interest in
explanations of the verses of the Quran is not new. People used to ask
the prophet Muhammad all sort of questions about the meaning of verses
referring to human reproduction. The Apostle's answers from the basis
of the Hadith literature.
The translations of
the verses from the Quran which are interpreted in this paper were
provided by Sheik Abdul Majid Zendani, a professor of Islamic Studies in
King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
"He makes you in
the wombs of your mothers in stages,
one after
another, in three veils of darkness."
This statement is
from Sura 39:6
We do not know when
it was realized that human beings underwent development in the uterus
(womb), but the first known illustration of a fetus in the uterus was
drawn by Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century. In the 2nd century A.D.,
Galen described the placenta and fetal membranes in his book "On the
Formation of the Foetus."
Consequently,
doctors in the 7th century A.D. likely knew that the human embryo
developed in the uterus. It is unlikely that they knew that it developed
in stages, even though Aristotle had described the stages of development
of the chick embryo in the 4th century B.C. The realization that the
human embryo develops in stages was not discussed and illustrated until
the 15th century.
After the
microscope was discovered in the 17th century by Leeuwenhoek
descriptions were made of the early stages if the chick embryos. The
staging of human embryos was not described until the 20th century:
Streeter (1941) developed the first system of staging which has now been
replace by a more accurate system proposed by O'Rahilly (1972)
"The three veils of
darkness"
May refer to:
1- The anterior
abdominal wall;
2- The uterine
wall; and
3- The
amniochorionic membrane.
Although there are
other interpretations of this statement, the one presented here seems
the most logical from an embryological point of view.
"Then We placed him
as a drop in a place of rest"
This statement is
from Sura 23:13.
The drop of nutfah
has been interpreted as the sperm or spermatozoon, but a more meaningful
interpretation would be the zygote which divides to form a blastocyst
which is implanted in the uterus ("a place of rest"). This
interpretation is supported by another verse in the Quran which states
that
"A human being is
created from a mixed drop."
The zygote forms by
the union of a mixture of the sperm and the ovum ("The mixed drop")
"Then We made the
drop into a leech-like structure."
This statement is
from Sura 23:14.
The word "alagah"
refers to a leech or bloodsucker. This is an appropriate description of
the human embryo from days 7-24 when it clings to the endometrium of the
uterus, in the same way that a leech clings to the skin. Just as the
leech derives blood from the host, the human embryo derives blood from
the deciduas or pregnant endometrium.
It is remarkable
how much the embryo of 23-24 days resembles a leech. As there were no
microscopes or lenses available in the 7th century, doctors would not
have known that the human embryo had this leech-like appearance. In the
early part of the fourth week, the embryo is just visible to the unaided
eye because it is smaller than a kernel of wheat.
"Then of that
leech-like structure, We made a chewed lump."
This statement is
also from Sura 23:14.
The Arabic work "mudghah"
means "chewed substance or chewed lump."
Toward the end of
the fourth week, the human embryo looks somewhat like a chewed lump of
flesh. The chewed appearance results from the somites which resemble
teeth marks. The somites represent the beginnings or primordial of the
vertebrae.
"Then we made out
of the chewed lump, bones and clothed the bones in flesh."
This continuation
of Sura 23:14 indicate that out of the chewed lump stage, bones and
muscles form. This is in accordance with embryological development.
First the bones
form as cartilage models and then the muscles (flesh) develop around
them from the somatic mesoderm.
"Then we developed
out of it another creature."
This next part of
Sura 23:14 implies that the bones and muscles result in the formation of
another creature. This may refer to the Human-like embryo that forms by
the end of the eighth week. At this stage it has distinctive human
characteristics and possesses the primordial of all the internal and
external organs and parts. After the eighth week the human embryo is
called a fetus. This may be the new creature to which the verse refers.
"And he gave you
hearing and sight and feeling and understanding."
This part of Sura
32:9 indicates that the special senses of hearing, seeing, and feeling
develop in this order, which is true. The primordial of the internal
ears appear before the beginning of the eyes, and the brain (the site of
understanding) differentiates last.
"Then out of a
piece of chewed flesh, partly formed and partly unformed."
This part of Sura
22:5 seems to indicate that the embryo is composed of both
differentiated and undifferentiated tissues. For example, when the
cartilage bones are differentiated, the embryonic connective tissue or
mesenchyme around them is undifferentiated. It later differentiates into
the muscles and ligaments attached to the bones.
"And we cause whom
We will to rest in the wombs for an appointed term."
This next part of
Sura 22:5 seems to imply that God determines which embryos will remain
in the uterus until full term. It is known that many embryos abort
during the first month of development and that only about 30% of zygotes
that form, develop into fetuses that survive until birth. This verse has
also been interpreted to mean that God determines whether the embryo
will develop into a boy or girl.
The interpretation
of the verses in the Quran referring to human development would not have
been possible in the 7th century AD, or even a hundred years ago. We can
interpret them now because the science of modern Embryology affords us
new understanding. Undoubtedly there are other verses in the Quran
related to human development that will be understood in the future as
our knowledge increases.
From: The Journal of the Islamic Medical
Association, Vol. 18, Jan-June 1986, pp. 15-16
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