Abstract:
The greatest speed C, denoting the velocity of light in vacuum, is
hinted at in two glorious Quranic verses relating this fundamental
universal contant C with the motion of the Earth-Moon system. A new
relativistic interpretation of this Quranic relation gives
C=299792.5 km/s in an extremely marvellous agreement with the
accepted international value. This astonishing result emphasises the
unity of the physical world, the validity of the special theory of
relativity and the authenticity of the Glorious Quran for
unbelievers.
Introduction:
The velocity of light C in vacuum belongs to a small group of the
fundamental constants; however, it occupies an outstanding position
even within this group. First of all, it is encountered in very
different branches of physics. It will come as no exaggeration if
one says the story of the determination of the velocity of light is
a concise history of physics. And this story has not come to an end
yet.
From the ancient Greeks down to the Middle ages, the speed of light
was believed to be infinite. Aristotle believed that light
propagates instantly!. In the eleventh century, an Arabic scientist
Alhassan suggests that light travels at a finite speed. Galileo
(1600) tried this speed but he Eailed saying that light is
extraordinarily rapid(l). Roemer (1676) was the first measuring C
using the eclipses of the Jovian satellite Io. He obtained an
inaccurate value of C (215000 km/s) because the diameter of the
earth's orbit was not known exactly.
Froome's value was
considered to be the most accurate for a long period until 1983 when
the modulated laser radiation interferometers were applied for the
determination of C with great precision.
According to the US
National Bureau of Standards(3): C = 299792.4574 + 0.0011 km/
and according to the
British National Physical Laboratory C = 299792.4590 + 0.0008 km/s
A basically new
definition of the metre wasaccepted in October 1983 at the 17th
General Conference on Measures and Weights(3):
"The metre is the
length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time
interval of
1/299792458 of a second".
The Fixation of the
value of C after the formation of the new definition of the meter
does not mean yet the end of the story of this fundamental constant
C. There are numerous other questions dealing with the realtion
between this multifarious, enigmatic constant C and the theory of
Relativity.
Recalling the second
postulate of the special theory of relativity declared by Albert
Einstein (1905):
"The velocity C of
light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference in
all directions and depend neither on the velocity of the source nor
on the velocity of the observer".
Pauli(4) (1958) said
that the data on binarystars allowed us to consider this postulate
of the constancy of the velocity of light to be almost certainly
correct.
According to
Einstein's general theory of relativity (1917), the law of the
constancy of the velocity C of light in vacuum can not claim any
unlimited validity because the curvature of rays of light can only
take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with
position!. Einstein(4) himself solved this contradiction between
special and general relativity declaring in his paper written
(1917):
"The results of the
special relativity hold only so long as we are able to disregard the
influence of gravitational fields on the phenomena".
This validity
condition of the second postulate of special relativity is
considered in the present work because the constancy of the velocity
C needs absolute space (vacuum). To attain vacuum in the Einstein's
sense of this word. it is not: sufficient just to eleminate from a
volume of space every atom, molecule and particle, it is necessary
also to get rid of the gravitational field. Therefore we have
screened out the effect of the solar gravitational field on the
geocentric orbital motion of the moon, which is considered here,
according to the applied Quranic equation; as a standard measure
reference for evaluating the greatest cosmic speed described in the
Holy Quranic verses.
Lunar Orbital
Motion described in Quran:
Fourteen centuries ago, the QURAN(5), i.e. .the Holy Book of Islamic
Religion, was directed from GOD to all humanity through Prophet
Mohammad, who lived in the Arabian Peninsula.
The ARAB people use
the lunar system in their calculation of time. The Quran addressed
them in the only language they could understand without upsetting
their habits. GOD (in Arabic ALLAH: the ONE and Only GOD, the
CREATOR) says in the Quran:
"GOD is
the ONE who made the sun a shining glory and the moon a light and
for her ordained mansions, so that you might know the number of
years and the reckoning" (10:5)
The lunar year is
twelve months, the month is defined recently as the time of one
revolution of the moon in its orbit around the earth. God hints at
such orbit in the Quran:
"GOD is
the ONE who created the night, the day, the sun, and the moon. Each
one is travelling in an orbit with its own motion" (21:33).
Here an essential
scientific fact is clearly stated, namely, the existence of the
earth's, sun'so and moon's orbits; besides, a reference is made to
the travelling of these celestial bodies in space with their own
motion! A new concept had therefore been established in the Quran,
hundreds of years before it was discovered by modern science(6-7)
Today the concept of
the lunar year is widely spread and, as we know, the moon is our
nearest neighbour in space, and a companion to our planet. It is
often said that the earth and moon form a twin-planet. As the moon
orbits around the earth, the change in the relative positions of the
moon, earth and sun cause the moon to show its phases(8-9). The time
between consecutive new moons is 29.53 days and is called the
synodic month. During this time, however, the earth, and
consequently the moon's orbit, have travelled some way around the
sun, so the position of the moon against the background of stars is
different. 'l;he time for the moon to return to the same position in
the sky as viewed from earth is called the sidereal month (27.32
days) which represents the actual real net time of one revolution in
the moon's orbit. This orbit is almost circular having an average
radius r=384264 km.
Fig. 1 describes the
moon's motion during a lunar month. Position A1 shows a new moon.
Position B (about 2 weeks later than A1) illustrates the following
full moon. Position A2 the moon has orbited the earth once (with
respect to an apparently fixed star). Thus one sidereal period
(27.32 days) has elapsed since position A1. The next new moon does
not occur until position A3 where the moon has once again lined up
with the sun. Thus one lunar synodic period (29.53 days) has elapsed
since position A1.
Referring to the
Quranic verse (10:5), we notice that it discriminates between the
apparent synodic period for knowing the number of years and the real
sidereal period for reckoning in scientific calculations. These two
systems of measuring time are now given in the text books of
Astronomy as indicated(l،) in table 2:
Table (2) Lunar month
and terrestrial:day
Period |
Siderial |
Synodic |
Lunar Month T |
27.321661 days =
655.71986 hours |
29.53059 days |
Terrestrial day t |
23 h, 56 min
4.0906 sec = 86164.0906 sec |
24 hours = 86400
sec |
The aim of this work
is to determine the value of the greatest speed mentioned in the
following relativistic Quranic verses. In these verses the sideral
system should be used for both the lunar month and the terrestrial
day as accurate measured periods (with respect to a distant
apparently fixed star).
A New Relation
in the Earth-Moon System:
The length of the moons' orbit L and the time t of one terrestrial
day are correlated in a marvellous Quranic verse which describes a
universal constant velocity of a certain cosmic affair as follows:
"GOD
rules the cosmic affair from the heavens to the earth. Then this
affair travels, to Him (i.e. through the whole universe) in one day,
where the measure is one thousand years of your reckoning"(32:5)
the Quranic expression
"of your reckoning" leaves no doubt as to our understanding of the
year as the lunar year.
The verse begins with
a reference to a certain "cosmic affair" which GOD creates and
commands. This affair travels, permanently through the whole
universe between the heavens and the Earth, so speedily that it
crosses in ONE DAY a maximum distance in space equivalent to that
which the moon passes during ONE THOUSAND LUNAR YEAR (i.e. during
12000 Sidereal months). The question which pause.; itself now is:
what could this cosmic affair be? and what is its greatest velocity
as expressed in this Quranic equation?.
To answer this
question. The above Quranic verse has been understood** in terms of
the following equation:
Distance crossed in
vacuum by the universal cosmic affair in Osle sidereal day = length
of 12000 revolutions of the moon around the earth.
.:. Ct = 12000 L .
where:
C is the velocity of
the cosmic affair,
t is the time interval
of one terrestrial sidereal day kefined as the time of one rotation
of the earth. about its axis (relative to the stars). i.e. 23 hr, 56
min, 4.0906 sec = 86164.0906sec. )
L is the inertial
distance which the moon covers in c-o revolution around the earth
during one sidereal month i.e. L is the net length of the moon's
orbit due to its own geocentric motion, without the interference of
its spiral motion causec by the earth's revolution around the sun,
i.e. _ is the lunar orbit length excluding the effec- of the solar
gravitational field on the measured value.
Let V is the measured
average orbital velocity of the moon deduced from the average radius
R of the lunar geocentric orbit tas measured from an orbiting earth
during its heliocentric motion)
.:. V=2 Pi
*R/T....................................................(2)
substituting R =
384264 km and T = the siderial lunar month = 655.71986 hr
.:. V=
(2X3.l4l6x384264 )/ 655.71986= 3682.07 km/hr
This value is given in
all text books of astronomy and is accepted by NASA.
Let @ (Fig. 1) is the
angle travelled by the earth moon system around the sun during one
sidereal month of period 27.321661 days. We can calculate @ if we
take into consideration the period (365.25636 days)of one
heliocentric revolution (1 year) of the earth-moon system (Fig.l).
@ =
27.321661*360/365.25636= 26,92848
Thus @ is a
characteristic constant of this system depending on uniformperiods
of the month and the year.
Since the presence of
the sun changes the geometrical properties of space and time , we
must screen out its gravitational effect on the earth moon system
according to the validity condition of the second postulate of
special relativity, i.e. we must only consider the lunar geocentric
motion without the heliocentric motion of the earth-moon system.
Thus a velocity component VO=V cosO representing the net orbital
velocity of the moon as shown in fig. (1) is introduced for
calculating the net length L of the lunar orbit assuming a
stationary earth.
.:. L = V cos @ T
......................... (3)
From equation (1) and
(3) we get a new Quranic relation for the earth moon system:
Ct= 12000 V cos
@T.......................................(4)
.:. C =12000 V cos @
T/t..................................(5)
substituting the
sidereal values of the periods t and T from table (2), the NASA
value of the measured orbital lunar velocity V = 3682.07 km/hr., and
the calculated yalue of cos@ = cos 26.92848 = 0.89157, we get the
velocity of the cosmic affair from eq. 5 as expressed in the Holy
Quran.
C=12000 x 3682.07 x
0.89157 x 655.71986/86164.0906
.:. C = 299792.5 km/s
Referring to table (1)
and the international value of C = 299792.458 km/s we find an
extremely marvellous agreement. Thus we conclude that the cosmic
affair, mentioned in the previous Quranic verse, is identical to
LIGHT and all similar cosmic affairs travelling in vacuum with this
maximum speed such as: all types of electro magnetic waves
propagating between the heavens and the earth, the expected
Gravitational waves spreading all over the universe, and all
particles travelling in this cosmic greatest spead such as
neutrinos.
It is very interesting
to mention here the second Quranic verse that hints at the same
relativistic Quranic equation in the earth-moon system: God Most
High said:
"A day in the sight of
thy Lord is like a thousand years of your reckoning" (22:47)
Thus both relativistic
Quranic equations emphasise the obtained value of the greatest speed
C and show that C is a permanent absolute constant. Actually there
have been no scientific evidence that the value of C can change in
time as yet. The constancy principle of special relativity is
confirmed in the present work, which correlates also the speed of
light C in vacuum with the celestial mechanics of the earth-moon
system. Referring to equation (4) and substituting the velocity V
from eq. (2), we find that the average radius of the moon.
R = [C/12000x2 Pi Cos@]*t......................................(6)
.:. "The average
radius R of the lunar orbit is directly proportional to the period
of one terrestrial sidereal day t.".
This new law deduced
in the present work is important so far as it confirms the law of
conservation of momentum in the Earth-Moon system. Moreover it
implies the influence of the tidal effect and the gravitational
change factor on the this system.
According to Dirac's
cosmology, the universal gravitational constant G must be variable
in time! i.e., it decreases with the age Tv of the universe
according to Diracs equation:
G=[e^4/(m*e^2pC^3)]*1/T......................................(7)
where e the electronic
charge, m and p are the masses of the the electron and proton
respectively. Also according to Newtons law, the gravitational
changes affect the radius R of the lunar orbit as indicated in the
following equation(ll)
R=[h^2/m^2*M]*1/G................................................(8)
where h is the angular
momentum of the moon about the earth, m and M are the masses of the
moon and earth respectively. Since h,m and M remain unchanged with
time, the radius R is inversely proportional to G. Correlating the
last three equations, further studies in Cosmology may be prompted
and facilitated.
Conclusion:
It is both important and interesting to find a new astronomical
relationZ between the radius of the lunar orbit R and the time t of
one terrestrial day deduced according to a new relativistic
interpretation of a cosmic Quranic verse alluding to the greatest
universal speed identical to the velocity C of light in vacuum.
It is so awesome to
find unity in the complex of phenomena, that at first sight appear
to have nothing in common. This work proves the universality and
constancy of the fundamental constant C as the Greatest Cosmic Speed
and reveals the Glorious Quran as a Holy Book worth studying with
meticulous analysis since its author is the CREATOR of the Universe.
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